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  • Journal article
    Goverdovsky V, Yates DC, Willerton M, Papavassiliou C, Yeatman Eet al., 2016,

    Modular Software-Defined Radio Testbed for Rapid Prototyping of Localization Algorithms

    , IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol: 65, Pages: 1577-1584, ISSN: 1557-9662

    A fully synchronized modular multichannel software-defined radio (SDR) testbed has been developed for the rapid prototyping and evaluation of array processing algorithms. Based on multiple universal software radio peripherals, this testbed is low cost, wideband, and highly reconfigurable. The testbed can be used to develop new techniques and algorithms in a variety of areas including, but not limited to, direction finding, source triangulation, and wireless sensor networks. A combination of hardware and software techniques is presented, which is shown to successfully remove the inherent phase and frequency uncertainties that exist between the individual SDR peripherals. The adequacy of the developed techniques is demonstrated through the application of the testbed to super-resolution direction finding algorithms, which rely on accurate phase synchronization.
  • Journal article
    Teng F, Strbac G, 2016,

    Assessment of the role and value of frequency response support from wind plants

    , IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol: 7, Pages: 586-595, ISSN: 1949-3029

    High penetration of wind generation causes concerns over frequency stability, as currently wind plants do not provide frequency response support. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate alternative designs of controllers to facilitate the provision of synthetic inertia and primary frequency response from wind plants. However, frequency response support from wind plants differs from that provided by conventional plants and its impact on the system's economic performance is not yet fully understood. In this context, this paper develops a novel methodology to incorporate the frequency response support from wind plants into generation scheduling, thus enabling the benefits of alternative control strategies to be quantified. Studies are carried out on the future Great Britain power system with different wind energy penetration levels and frequency response requirements. The impact of the uncertainty associated with the quantity of wind plants being online and the energy recovery effect are also analyzed. The results demonstrate that the benefits of frequency response support from wind plants may be significant, although these are system specific. The proposed model could also inform the development of grid codes, market mechanisms, and business cases associated with the frequency response support from wind plants.
  • Journal article
    Aldhaher S, Mitcheson PD, Yates DC, 2016,

    Design and Development of a Class EF<sub>2</sub> Inverter and Rectifier for Multi-megahertz Wireless Power Transfer Systems

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 31, Pages: 8138-8150, ISSN: 1941-0107

    This paper presents the design and implementation of a Class EF2 inverter and Class EF2 rectifier for two -W wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, one operating at 6.78 MHz and the other at 27.12 MHz. It will be shown that the Class EF2 circuits can be designed to have beneficial features for WPT applications such as reduced second-harmonic component and lower total harmonic distortion, higher power-output capability, reduction in magnetic core requirements and operation at higher frequencies in rectification compared to other circuit topologies. A model will first be presented to analyze the circuits and to derive values of its components to achieve optimum switching operation. Additional analysis regarding harmonic content, magnetic core requirements and open-circuit protection will also be performed. The design and implementation process of the two Class-EF2-based WPT systems will be discussed and compared to an equivalent Class-E-based WPT system. Experimental results will be provided to confirm validity of the analysis. A dc-dc efficiency of 75% was achieved with Class-EF2-based systems.
  • Conference paper
    Scarciotti G, Astolfi A, 2016,

    Moments at "discontinuous signals" with applications: model reduction for hybrid systems and phasor transform for switching circuits

    , 22nd International Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems

    We provide an overview of the theory and applicationsof the notion of moment at “discontinuous interpolationsignals”, i.e. the moments of a system for input signals thatdo not satisfy a differential equation. After introducing thetheoretical framework, which makes use of an integral matrixequation in place of a Sylvester equation, we discuss someapplications: the model reduction problem for linear systems atdiscontinuous signals, the model reduction problem for hybridsystems and the discontinuous phasor transform for the analysisof circuits powered by discontinuous sources.
  • Journal article
    Mohtashami S, Pudjianto D, Strbac G, 2016,

    Strategic distribution network planning with smart grid technologies

    , IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol: 8, Pages: 2656-2664, ISSN: 1949-3061

    This paper presents a multiyear distribution network planning optimization model for managing the operation and capacity of distribution systems with significant penetration of distributed generation (DG). The model considers investment in both traditional network and smart grid technologies, including dynamic line rating, quadrature-booster, and active network management, while optimizing the settings of network control devices and, if necessary, the curtailment of DG output taking into account its network access arrangement (firm or non-firm). A set of studies on a 33 kV real distribution network in the U.K. has been carried out to test the model. The main objective of the studies is to evaluate and compare the performance of different investment approaches, i.e., incremental and strategic investment. The studies also demonstrate the ability of the model to determine the optimal DG connection points to reduce the overall system cost. The results of the studies are discussed in this paper.
  • Journal article
    Jiang J, Di Franco P, Astolfi A, 2016,

    Shared control for the kinematic and dynamic models of a mobile robot

    , IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol: 24, Pages: 2112-2124, ISSN: 1063-6536

    This paper presents shared-control algorithms for the kinematic and dynamic models of a mobile robot with a feasible configuration set defined by means of linear inequalities. The shared-control laws based on a hysteresis switch are designed in the case in which absolute positions are not available. Instead, we measure the distances to obstacles and angular differences. Formal properties of the closed-loop systems with the shared control are established by a Lyapunov-like analysis. Simulation results and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.
  • Journal article
    Wu FF, Varaiya PP, Hui RSY, 2016,

    Smart Grids with Intelligent Periphery: An Architecture for the Energy Internet

    , Engineering, Vol: 1, Pages: 436-446, ISSN: 2095-8099

    A future smart grid must fulfill the vision of the Energy Internet in which millions of people produce their own energy from renewables in their homes, offices, and factories and share it with each other. Electric vehicles and local energy storage will be widely deployed. Internet technology will be utilized to transform the power grid into an energy-sharing inter-grid. To prepare for the future, a smart grid with intelligent periphery, or smart GRIP, is proposed. The building blocks of GRIP architecture are called clusters and include an energy-management system (EMS)-controlled transmission grid in the core and distribution grids, micro-grids, and smart buildings and homes on the periphery; all of which are hierarchically structured. The layered architecture of GRIP allows a seamless transition from the present to the future and plug-and-play interoperability. The basic functions of a cluster consist of ① dispatch, ② smoothing, and ③ mitigation. A risk-limiting dispatch methodology is presented; a new device, called the electric spring, is developed for smoothing out fluctuations in periphery clusters; and means to mitigate failures are discussed.
  • Journal article
    Mok KT, Wang MH, Tan SC, Hui SYRet al., 2016,

    DC electric springs - A technology for stabilizing DC power distribution systems

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 32, Pages: 1088-1105, ISSN: 0885-8993

    There is a growing interest in using dc power systems and microgrids for our electricity transmission and distribution, particularly with the increasing penetration of photovoltaic power systems. This paper presents an electric active suspension technology known as the dc electric springs (DC-ES) for voltage stabilization and power quality improvement. The basic operating modes and characteristic of a DC-ES with different types of serially connected non-critical loads will first be introduced. Then, the various power delivery issues of the dc power systems, namely bus voltage variation, voltage droop, system fault, and harmonics, are briefly described. The operating limits of a DC-ES in a dc power grid is studied. It is demonstrated that the aforementioned issues can be mitigated using the proposed DC-ES technology. Experiment results are provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed technology.
  • Journal article
    Festa A, Vinter RB, 2016,

    Decomposition of Differential Games with Multiple Targets

    , Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol: 169, Pages: 848-875, ISSN: 1573-2878

    This paper provides a decomposition technique for the purpose of simplifying the solution of certain zero-sum differential games. The games considered terminate when the state reaches a target, which can be expressed as the union of a collection of target subsets considered as ‘multiple targets’; the decomposition consists in replacing the original target by each of the target subsets. The value of the original game is then obtained as the lower envelope of the values of the collection of games, resulting from the decomposition, which can be much easier to solve than the original game. Criteria are given for the validity of the decomposition. The paper includes examples, illustrating the application of the technique to pursuit/evasion games and to flow control.
  • Journal article
    Kiziroglou ME, Elefsiniotis A, Kokorakis N, Wright SW, Toh TT, Mitcheson PD, Schmid U, Becker T, Yeatman EMet al., 2016,

    Scaling and super-cooling in heat storage harvesting devices

    , Microsystem Technologies, Vol: 22, Pages: 1905-1914, ISSN: 0946-7076

    Aircraft sensors are typically cable powered, imposing a significant weight overhead. The exploitation of temperature variations during flight by a phase change material (PCM) based heat storage thermoelectric energy harvester, as an alternative power source in aeronautical applications, has recently been flight tested. In this work, the applicability of this technology to use cases with smaller and larger size specifications is studied by fabrication, testing and analysis of a scaled-down and a scaled-up prototype. Output energy of 4.1 J/g of PCM from a typical flight cycle is demonstrated for the scaled-down device, and 2.3 J/g of PCM for the scaled-up device. The higher energy density of the scaled down prototypes is attributed to the reduction in temperature inhomogeneity inside the PCM. The impact of super-cooling on performance is analyzed by employing a simulation model extended to include super-cooling effects. It is found that super-cooling may be beneficial for scaling down, in applications with slow temperature fluctuations.
  • Journal article
    Xiong S, Huang Y, Tan SC, Hui SYRet al., 2016,

    Morphing Switched-Capacitor Converters with Variable Conversion Ratio

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 31, Pages: 5680-5693, ISSN: 0885-8993

    High-voltage-gain and wide-input-range dc-dc converters are widely used in various electronics and industrial products such as portable devices, telecommunication, automotive, and aerospace systems. The two-stage converter is a widely adopted architecture for such applications, and it is proven to have a higher efficiency as compared with that of the single-stage converter. This paper presents a modular-cell-based morphing switched-capacitor (SC) converter for application as a front-end converter of the two-stage converter. The conversion ratio of this converter is flexible and variable and can be freely extended by increasing more SC modules. The varying conversion ratio is achieved through the morphing of the converter's structure corresponding to the amplitude of the input voltage. This converter is light and compact, and is highly efficient over a very wide range of input voltage and load conditions. Experimental work on a 25-W, 6-30-V input, 3.5-8.5-V output prototype, is performed. For a single SC module, the efficiency over the entire input voltage range is higher than 98%. Applied into the two-stage converter, the overall efficiency achievable over the entire operating range is 80% including the driver's loss.
  • Journal article
    Carnevale D, Galeani S, Sassano M, Astolfi Aet al., 2016,

    Robust hybrid estimation and rejection of multi-frequency signals

    , International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, Vol: 30, Pages: 1649-1673, ISSN: 1099-1115

    We consider the problem of output regulation for LTI systems in the presence of unknown exosystems. The knowledge about the multi-frequency signals exosystem consists in the maximum number of frequencies and their maximal value. The control scheme relies on two main components: an estimation algorithm, to reconstruct the signal generated by the exosystem, and a controller, to enforce the output regulation property to the closed-loop system. To tackle the first task, we propose a hybrid observer for the estimation of the (possibly piece-wise continuous) number and values of the frequencies contained in the exogenous signal. The hybrid observer is particularly appealing for numerical implementations, and it is combined with a self-tuning algorithm of the free parameters (gains), thus improving its performance even in case of noisy measurements. Semi-global exponential convergence of the estimation error is provided. As far as the second task is concerned, a robust hybrid regulator is designed for practical rejection of the multi-frequency disturbance signal acting on the plant. The result is achieved by exploiting the frequencies estimated by the hybrid observer. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is shown by means of numerical simulations.
  • Journal article
    Hui SYR, 2016,

    Magnetic resonance for wireless power transfer

    , IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, Vol: 3, Pages: 14-31, ISSN: 2329-9207

    Magnetic resonance has been a cornerstone of nonradiative wireless power transfer (WPT) since the late 19th century. However, some researchers have the misconception that magnetic resonance for WPT was developed recently. This article traces some early work of Tesla and other researchers related to the use of magnetic resonance in WPT. Included are some examples of magnetic resonance-based WPT projects conducted by researchers in the biomedical and power electronics communities over the last few decades. Two principles used in WPT are reiterated in this article, and their advantages and disadvantages are addressed. Some issues that may affect future trends of short- and midrange applications are discussed.
  • Journal article
    Pereda Torres J, green T, 2016,

    Direct Modular Multilevel Converter With Six Branches for Flexible Distribution Networks

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol: 31, Pages: 1728-1737, ISSN: 0885-8977

    This paper presents a complete analysis of a direct ac-to-ac modular multilevel converter (direct MMC) applied in medium voltage distribution networks through the soft-openpoint concept. The direct MMC is capable of bidirectional power flow between two feeders at any power factor, even when the feeders have different nominal voltages and operate with a phase shift angle or unbalanced voltages. The converter has six branches, each one composed of full H-bridges cells connected in series to generate a multilevel voltage waveform, to share the blocking voltage of the power switches and to have fault tolerant operation.This paper presents a suitable control scheme and provides a discussion about the capabilities and limitations of the converter, the capacitor voltage balance control, the efficiency and the power loss mitigation at various operation points. Simulation results and power loss calculations are presented for a threephase 11 kV 16 MVA direct MMC with 10 H-bridge cells per branch. The direct MMC is simulated in a distribution network to demonstrate the features of the converter and control under various operation conditions, including grid faults.
  • Journal article
    Guo Y, Li S, Lee ATL, Tan S-C, Lee CK, Hui SYRet al., 2016,

    Single-Stage AC/DC Single-Inductor Multiple-Output LED Drivers

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 31, Pages: 5837-5850, ISSN: 1941-0107

    Various ac/dc LED driver topologies have been proposed to meet the challenges of achieving a compact, efficient, low-cost, and robust multistring LED lighting system. These LED drivers typically employ a two-stage topology to realize the functions of ac/dc rectification and independent current control of each LED string. The choice of having two stage conversions involves additional hardware components and a more complicated controller design process. Such two-stage topologies suffer from a higher system cost, increased power loss, and large form factor. In this paper, a single-stage ac/dc single-inductor multiple-output LED driver is proposed. It uses only one single inductor and N + 1 active power switches (N being the number of LED strings) with reduced component count and smaller form factor. The proposed driver can achieve both functions of ac/dc rectification with a high power factor and precise independent current control of each individual LED string simultaneously. A prototype of an ac/dc single-inductor triple-output LED driver is constructed for verification. Experimental results corroborate that precise and independent current regulation of each individual LED string is achievable with the proposed driver. A power factor of above 0.99 and a peak efficiency of 89% at 30-W rated output power are attainable.
  • Journal article
    Teng F, Trovato V, Strbac G, 2016,

    Stochastic scheduling with inertia-dependent fast frequency response requirements

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol: 31, Pages: 1557-1566, ISSN: 0885-8950

    High penetration of wind generation will increase the requirement for fast frequency response services as currently wind plants do not provide inertial response. Although the importance of inertia reduction has been widely recognized, its impact on the system scheduling has not been fully investigated. In this context, this paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for stochastic unit commitment that optimizes system operation by simultaneously scheduling energy production, standing/spinning reserves and inertia-dependent fast frequency response in light of uncertainties associated with wind production and generation outages. Post-fault dynamic frequency requirements, rate of change of frequency, frequency nadir and quasi-steady-state frequency are formulated as MILP constraints by using the simplified model of system dynamics. Moreover the proposed methodology enables the impact of wind uncertainty on system inertia to be considered. Case studies are carried out on the 2030 Great Britain system to demonstrate the importance of incorporating inertia-dependent fast frequency response in the stochastic scheduling and to indicate the potential for the proposed model to inform reviews of grid codes associated with fast frequency response and future development of inertia-related market.
  • Journal article
    Parisini T, 2016,

    Editorial

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 24, Pages: 381-382, ISSN: 1063-6536

    This editorial aims to share with our readership the status and a few figures about our TRANSACTIONS.
  • Conference paper
    Kerrigan EC, Khusainov B, Constantinides GA, 2016,

    What Is Different about Embedded Optimization?

    , European Control Conference (ECC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 600-600
  • Conference paper
    Jiang J, Astolfi A, 2016,

    Shared-Control for Typical Driving Scenarios

    , European Control Conference
  • Journal article
    Cooper SJG, Hammond GP, McManus MC, Pudjianto Det al., 2016,

    Detailed simulation of electrical demands due to nationwide adoption of heat pumps, taking account of renewable generation and mitigation

    , IET Renewable Power Generation, Vol: 10, Pages: 380-387, ISSN: 1752-1416

    This study quantifies the increase in the peak power demand, net of non-dispatchable generation, that may be required by widespread adoption of heat pumps. Electrification of heating could reduce emissions but also cause a challenging increase in peak power demand. This study expands on previous studies by quantifying the increase in greater detail; considering a wider range of scenarios, the characteristics of heat pumps and the interaction between wind generation and demand side management (DSM). A model was developed with dynamic simulations of individual heat pumps and dwellings. The increase in peak net-demand is highly sensitive to assumptions regarding the heat pumps, their installation, building fabric and the characteristics of the grid. If 80% of dwellings in the UK use heat pumps, peak net-demand could increase by around 100% (54 GW) but this increase could be mitigated to 30% (16 GW) by favourable conditions. DSM could reduce this increase to 20%, or 15% if used with extensive thermal storage. If 60% of dwellings use heat pumps, the increase in peak net-demand could be as low as 5.5 GW. High-performance heat pumps, appropriate installation and better insulated dwellings could make the increase in peak net-demand due to the electrification of heating more manageable.
  • Journal article
    Trovato V, Tindemans SH, Strbac G, 2016,

    The leaky storage model for optimal multi-service allocation of thermostatic loads

    , IET Generation Transmission & Distribution, Vol: 10, Pages: 585-593, ISSN: 1751-8687

    Collectively, thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) offer significant potential for short-term demand response. This intrinsic flexibility can be used to provide various ancillary services or to carry out energy arbitrage. This paper introduces an aggregate description of the flexibility of a heterogeneous TCLs as a leaky storage unit, with associated constraints that are derived from the TCL device parameters and quality of service requirements. In association with a suitable TCL control strategy this enables a straightforward embedding of TCL dynamics in optimisation frameworks. The tools developed are applied to the problem of determining an optimal multi-service portfolio for TCLs. A linear optimisation model is constructed for the optimal simultaneous allocation of frequency services and energy arbitrage. In a case study, optimal service allocations are computed for eight representative classes of cold appliances and the results are validated using simulations of individual refrigerators. Finally, it is demonstrated that clustering of appliances with similar capabilities can significantly enhance the flexibility available to the system.
  • Journal article
    Shabbir W, Evangelou S, 2016,

    Exclusive Operation Strategy for the Supervisory Control of Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

    , IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol: 24, Pages: 2190-2198, ISSN: 1558-0865

    Supervisory control systems (SCSs) are used to managethe powertrain of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This paperpresents a novel SCS called Exclusive operation strategy (XOS)that applies simple rules based on the idea that batteries areefficient at lower loads while engines and generators are efficientat higher loads. The XOS is developed based on insights gainedfrom three conventional SCSs for series HEVs: Thermostat controlstrategy (TCS), Power follower control strategy (PFCS) andGlobal equivalent consumption minimization strategy (GECMS).Also, recent technological developments have been considered tomake the XOS more suited to modern HEVs than conventionalSCSs. The resulting control decisions are shown to emulatethe operation of approximate global optimal solutions and thusachieve significant improvement in fuel economy as comparedto TCS and PFCS. In addition, the generally linear relationshipbetween required power and engine power for the XOS providesauditory cues to the driver that are comparable to conventionalvehicles, thus reducing barriers to adopting HEVs. The simplicityand effectiveness of the XOS makes it a practical SCS.
  • Conference paper
    De Paola A, Angeli D, Strbac G, 2016,

    Analysis of Nash equilibria in energy markets with large populations of price-responsive flexible appliances

    , 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 5587-5592, ISSN: 0743-1546

    This paper deals with flexible electrical devices that, on the basis of a broadcast price signal, schedule their individual power consumption in order to minimize their energy cost. If the devices population is sufficiently large to be described as a continuum, it is possible to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Nash equilibrium in the energy market. This is done by comparing two functions which characterize, respectively, the valley capacity of the inflexible demand and the global properties of the appliances population. The equilibrium conditions, which do not require any iterative procedure to be applied, are finally tested in simulations.
  • Journal article
    Keliris C, Polycarpou MM, Parisini T, 2016,

    An integrated learning and filtering approach for fault diagnosis of a class of nonlinear dynamical systems

    , IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, Vol: 28, Pages: 988-1004, ISSN: 2162-237X

    This paper develops an integrated filtering and adaptive approximation-based approach for fault diagnosis of process and sensor faults in a class of continuous-time nonlinear systems with modeling uncertainties and measurement noise. The proposed approach integrates learning with filtering techniques to derive tight detection thresholds, which is accomplished in two ways: 1) by learning the modeling uncertainty through adaptive approximation methods and 2) by using filtering for dampening measurement noise. Upon the detection of a fault, two estimation models, one for process and the other for sensor faults, are initiated in order to identify the type of fault. Each estimation model utilizes learning to estimate the potential fault that has occurred, and adaptive isolation thresholds for each estimation model are designed. The fault type is deduced based on an exclusion-based logic, and fault detectability and identification conditions are rigorously derived, characterizing quantitatively the class of faults that can be detected and identified by the proposed scheme. Finally, simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
  • Journal article
    Ariff MAM, Pal BC, 2016,

    Adaptive Protection and Control in Power Systemfor Wide-Area Blackout Prevention

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol: 31, Pages: 1815-1825, ISSN: 0885-8977

    This paper presents a new approach in adaptive outof-step(OOS) protection settings in power system in real-time.The proposed method uses extended equal area criterion (EEAC)to determine the critical clearing time (CCT) and critical clearingangle (CCA) of the system, which are vital information for OOSprotection setting calculation. The dynamic model parametersand the coherency groups of the system for EEAC analysis aredetermined in real time to ensure that the newly calculatedsettings suit with the prevalent system operating condition. Theeffectiveness of the method is demonstrated in a simulated datafrom 16-machine 68-bus system model.
  • Journal article
    Pin G, Assalone A, Lovera M, Parisini Tet al., 2016,

    Non-asymptotic kernel-based parametric estimation of continuous-time linear systems

    , IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol: 61, Pages: 360-373, ISSN: 0018-9286

    In this paper, a novel framework to address the problem of parametric estimation for continuous-time linear time-invariant dynamic systems is dealt with. The proposed methodology entails the design of suitable kernels of non-anticipative linear integral operators thus obtaining estimators showing, in the ideal case, “non-asymptotic” (i.e., “finite-time”) convergence. The analysis of the properties of the kernels guaranteeing such a convergence behaviour is addressed and a novel class of admissible kernel functions is introduced. The operators induced by the proposed kernels admit implementable (i.e., finite-dimensional and internally stable) state-space realizations. Extensive numerical results are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Comparisons with some existing continuous-time estimators are addressed as well and insights on the possible bias affecting the estimates are provided.
  • Journal article
    Li S, Tan S-C, Lee CK, Waffenschmidt E, Hui SYR, Tse CKet al., 2016,

    A Survey, Classification, and Critical Review of Light-Emitting Diode Drivers

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol: 31, Pages: 1503-1516, ISSN: 0885-8993
  • Journal article
    Bettiol P, Khalil N, Vinter RB, 2016,

    Normality of Generalized Euler-Lagrange Conditions for State Constrained Optimal Control Problems

    , Journal of Convex Analysis, Vol: 23, Pages: 291-311, ISSN: 0944-6532

    We consider state constrained optimal control problems in which the cost to minimize comprises both integral and end-point terms, establishing normality of the generalized Euler-Lagrange condition. Simple examples illustrate that the validity of the Euler-Lagrange condition (and related necessary conditions), in normal form, depends crucially on the interplay between velocity sets, the left end-point constraint set and the state constraint set. We show that this is actually a common feature for general state constrained optimal control problems, in which the state constraint is represented by closed convex sets and the left end-point constraint is a closed set. In these circumstances classical constraint qualifications involving the state constraints and the velocity sets cannot be used alone to guarantee normality of the necessary conditions. A key feature of this paper is to prove that the additional information involving tangent vectors to the left end-point and the state constraint sets can be used to establish normality.
  • Journal article
    Lin D, Zhang C, Hui SYR, 2016,

    Mathematic Analysis of Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer-Part-II Three-Dimensional Systems

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol: 32, Pages: 613-624, ISSN: 0885-8993
  • Journal article
    Lin D, Zhang C, Hui SYR, 2016,

    Mathematical Analysis of Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer-Part-I: Two-Dimensional Systems

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol: 32, Pages: 625-633, ISSN: 0885-8993

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