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  • Journal article
    Moss B, Liang C, Carpenter A, Verga LG, Scott S, Jones RJR, Manthiram K, Walsh A, Rao RR, Stephens IEL, Durrant JRet al., 2025,

    Operando ultraviolet–visible optical spectroelectrochemistry of surfaces

    , Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Vol: 5

    Ultraviolet–visible spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a powerful and accessible operando technique for investigating redox-active interfaces such as electrodes. Its potential has not been fully realized owing to limitations in sensitivity, acquisition speed and analysis workflows. In this Primer, we describe how recent developments in optics, detection hardware and synchronization methods now allow for high-resolution, data-rich SEC measurements. We focus on practical strategies for building performant SEC set-ups, introduce a formalism based on differential coulometric attenuation for interpreting spectral changes and outline workflows for extracting redox stoichiometries, kinetics and coverage from complex data. Emphasizing process-sensitive over population-sensitive analysis, we show how this approach enables a clearer understanding of dynamic, disordered interfacial systems. Examples are provided from electrocatalysis, particularly the oxygen evolution reaction, but the principles described are broadly applicable. Throughout, we highlight pitfalls, assumptions and design choices to guide researchers looking to implement quantitative SEC in their own work.
  • Journal article
    Davids D, Grant N, Mittal S, Hawkes A, Oluleye Oet al., 2025,

    Combined warming index energy system analysis framework for methane leakage rate and carbon capture rate uncertainty

    , MethodsX, Vol: 15, ISSN: 2215-0161

    Fossil fuels dominate the production of hydrogen and will continue to contribute in a decarbonised future. Blue hydrogen production from natural gas with carbon capture and storage technology applied is seen as the major route for natural gas in a future Hydrogen Economy. Methane leakage rate in natural gas supply chains and carbon capture rate are two critical parameters for the success of blue hydrogen. Despite this, the linked effect of the variables are difficult to identify, especially in terms of their impacts on decarbonisation metrics within the energy system. We formulate a new Combined Warming Index (CWI) measure and develop a framework for analysing the influence of methane leakage rate and carbon capture rate on blue hydrogen viability and other relevant energy system characteristics.Framework outline:• Investigate energy system scenarios within a range of methane leakage rates and carbon capture rates (varying Combined Warming Indices [CWI]) on blue hydrogen.• Analyse important energy system dynamic parameter indicators versus the Combined Warming Index (CWI).• Resultant energy system trends for methane leakage rates and carbon capture rates analysed against Combined Warming Index (CWI) establish unique property envelopes that reveal the state of the energy system at conditions and periods of interest.
  • Report
    Westbury P, Cliffe H, 2025,

    The UKRI Strategic Priorities Fund Greenhouse Gas Removal Demonstrators (GGR-D) Programme: An overview of key research insights and cross-cutting lessons
  • Report
    njkfacehuwefu H, 2025,

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  • Report
    Westbury P, Arlinghaus J, Bateman I, Beerling D, Bellamy R, Brophy A, Gilbert A, House J, Singh Galeigh N, Smith SM, Snape C, Thornton J, Van Looy M, Wagle Aet al., 2025,

    The UKRI Strategic Priorities Fund Greenhouse Gas Removal Demonstrators (GGR-D) Programme: an overview of key research insights and cross-cutting lessons

    , Publisher: Grantham Institute for Climate Change
  • Journal article
    Chen J, Kang Y, Toumi R, Zhang L, Lu M, Shi X, Xi Det al., 2025,

    Increasing Temporal Variability of Global Tropical Cyclone Near-Storm Rainfall Under Global Warming: Insights From CMIP6 HighResMIP Simulations

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, Vol: 130, ISSN: 2169-897X
  • Journal article
    Sibug-Torres SM, Niihori M, Wyatt E, Arul R, Spiesshofer N, Jones T, Graham D, de Nijs B, Scherman OA, Rao RR, Ryan MP, Squires A, Savory CN, Scanlon DO, Daaoub A, Sangtarash S, Sadeghi H, Baumberg JJet al., 2025,

    Transient Au-Cl adlayers modulate the surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles during redox reactions

    , NATURE CHEMISTRY, ISSN: 1755-4330
  • Report
    Barnes C, Zachariah M, Cerezo-Mota R, Clarke B, Pinto I, Philip S, Keeping T, Kew S, Kimutai J, Izquierdo Rodríguez K, Bacher A, Vahlberg M, Singh R, Arrighi J, Koren G, Otto F, Avila B, Reyes Get al., 2025,

    Heavy rainfall leading to widespread flooding in eastern Mexico disproportionately impacts highly exposed Indigenous and socially vulnerable communities
  • Report
    Clarke B, Barnes C, Keeping T, Sparks N, Heng Lau K, Toumi R, Arrighi J, Singh R, Vahlberg M, Meyer R, Scholz C, Baumgart NJ, Koren G, Taylor MA, Stephenson TS, Jones JJ, Campbell JD, Spence JM, Centella-Artola A, Bezanilla-Morlot A, Rubiera J, Bergin C, Yang W, Otto F, Philip S, Kew S, McFarlane B, Douglas K, Vrkic Det al., 2025,

    Climate change enhanced intensity of Hurricane Melissa, testing limits of adaptation in Jamaica and eastern Cuba
  • Journal article
    Sparks N, Toumi R, 2025,

    The impact of global warming on U.S. hurricane landfall: a storyline approach

    , Environmental Research Letters, Vol: 20, ISSN: 1748-9326

    The projection of hurricane activity under climate change is challenging. The Imperial College Storm Model (IRIS) was used to analyse the impact of global warming on North Atlantic hurricane landfall through a storyline approach. The storyline assumes increases of potential intensity (PI) as the cause of change with no changes to tracks or basin frequency. This allows study of both recenttrends and projections for the first time in a consistent way. The observed hurricane intensification is simulated but underestimated. For a +2◦C global warming scenario hurricanes of intensity Category 4 and above become 62% more likely in the basin and nearly twice (92%) more likely at landfall. The future number of hurricanes, their decay and tracks are uncertain and their impact is examined by sensitivity studies. Reduction of the basin count offsets warming driven landfall frequency increases only for weaker hurricanes. The increased frequency and fraction of the most damaging landfalling hurricanes is controlled by changes in PI.
  • Journal article
    Konstantinoudis G, Hauser A, Riou J, 2025,

    Ensemble Bayesian modelling with dynamic population to estimate excess deaths due to extreme temperatures

    , SPATIAL AND SPATIO-TEMPORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Vol: 55, ISSN: 1877-5845
  • Report
    Mccall M, 2025,

    Climate change impacts on mental health in the UK: Current evidence and opportunities for intervention
  • Journal article
    Konstantinoudis G, Atilola G, Jephcote C, Adams K, Gulliver J, Elliott P, Hansell AL, Blangiardo Met al., 2025,

    Long-term exposure to aircraft noise and cardiovascular disease hospitalization and mortality near major airports in the UK, 2006–2015 – a small area study

    , Environment International, ISSN: 0160-4120

    The environmental disease burden from transport noise in Europe is considered second only to air pollution, but the majority of epidemiological studies relate to road noise. We examined associations between annual average day-evening-night (Lden) and night-time (Lnight) aircraft noise in 2006 and 2011 and cardiovascular disease (CVD) hospitalization and mortality. We used a small area design covering a population of 3.1 million living near London Heathrow, Gatwick, Birmingham and Manchester international airports in 2006–2015. Statistical analysis used Bayesian Poisson regression in linear and categorical analyses. We observed strong evidence of associations between aircraft noise and hospital admissions; for coronary heart disease admissions near London Heathrow, we found an increased risk of 0.44 % (95 % CrI 0.16 %, 0.73 %) and for all-CVD admissions near other airports an increased risk of 0.34 % (95 % CrI 0.04 %, 0.64 %) per 5 dB Lden for noise levels above 50 dB Lden (the cut-off level for available data). However, results were not fully consistent across airports and no associations were seen with stroke hospitalisation and mortality, nor with CVD or CHD mortality. Associations were smaller and less clear than our previous Heathrow study of similar design during 2001–5. Differences over time are likely to relate to changes in population, therefore population confounder structure, over time, as well as reductions in population aircraft noise exposure. Given the increasing evidence base showing associations between noise and cardiovascular disease, we recommend use of large cohorts with better control of confounding at individual-level to provide quantification of exposure–response relationships.
  • Report
    Arrighi J, Dahl K, Giguere J, Keeping T, Otto F, Singh R, Tannenbaum A, Vahlberg M, Barnes C, Baumgart N, Clarke B, Kimutai J, Pereira Marghidan C, Philip S, Pinto I, Raju E, Scholz C, Vrkic D, Zachariah Met al., 2025,

    Ten years of the Paris agreement: the present and future of extreme heat
  • Report
    Jennings N, Sudall E, Brandmayr C, Cowell N, de Nazelle Aet al., 2025,

    Delivering for climate and health: insights from UK decision-makers

    , Publisher: Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London

    Action to tackle climate change can provide a range of benefits to public health including through reducing exposure to air pollution, improving the quality of homes or promoting physical activity.These co-benefits are not only popular with the public, but ensuring climate action delivers for public health would also help reduce costs to the NHS and the UK economy, and help government funding go further by multi-problem solving.Through interviews with UK decision-makers from local to national government, this report investigates how the health benefits of climate action are currently considered in the decision-making process to highlight examples of good practice and areas for improvement.
  • Journal article
    Quintin-Baxendale R, Sokolikova M, Tao Y, Fisher E, Goli N, Bai H, Murawski J, Yang G, Celorrio V, Liang C, Rao RR, Stephens IEL, Mattevi Cet al., 2025,

    Crystal-phase engineering of nanowires and platelets of KxIrO2 for efficient water oxidation

    , ACS Materials Au, ISSN: 2694-2461

    IrO2 is one of the most widely investigated electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in an acidic environment. Increasing the mass activity is an effective way of decreasing the loading of Ir, to ultimately reduce costs. Here, we demonstrate the crystal-phase engineering of two different potassium iridate polymorphs obtained by designing a selective solid-state synthesis of either one-dimensional K0.25IrO2 nanowires with a hollandite crystal structure or two-dimensional KIrO2 hexagonal platelets. Both structures present increased specific and mass electrocatalytic activities for the water oxidation reaction in acidic media compared to commercial rutile IrO2 of up to 40%, with the 1D nanowires outperforming the 2D platelets. XANES, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and X-ray diffraction investigations prove the structural stability of these two different allotropes of KxIrO2 compounds upon electrocatalytic testing. These low-dimensional nanostructured 1D and 2D KxIrO2 compounds with superior mass activity to commercial IrO2 can pave the way toward the design of new electrocatalyst architectures with reduced Ir loading content for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) anodes.
  • Journal article
    Mikaelsson MA, Jennings NR, Lawrance EL, 2025,

    Systems-level risks of the climate crisis are currently missed: A mental health lens

    , PLOS CLIMATE, Vol: 4
  • Journal article
    Tsui EYL, Toumi R, 2025,

    Re‐intensification of seafalling tropical cyclones

    , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 26, ISSN: 1530-261X

    The study of tropical cyclones re-entering the ocean or making ‘seafall’ has been limited. Here, idealised simulations are used to study the re-intensification of seafalling tropical cyclones. They follow a two-stage fast-slow process driven predominately by a change in surface friction initially and then by heating. The previous land decay causes seafalling tropical cyclones to be larger and intensify more slowly with milder inner-core contraction than in ocean-only cases. Nonetheless, they reach the same intensity but with almost twice the integrated kinetic energy, so that the second landfall made by seafalling tropical cyclones can cause more damage due to their larger footprint of destructive wind.
  • Journal article
    He W, Liu F, Xie M, Chen R, Tan Q-Get al., 2025,

    Simulating the multiple effects of a diatom bloom on metal bioaccumulation in clams

    , MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, Vol: 219, ISSN: 0025-326X
  • Journal article
    Duarte RPM, Rao R, Ryan MP, Dung T, Celorrio V, Sharman J, Martinez-Bonastre A, Stephens IELet al., 2025,

    Beyond activity: a perspective on diagnosing instability of reversible O₂ catalysts for metal-air batteries

    , EES Catalysis, ISSN: 2753-801X

    Zinc–air redox flow batteries have high potential to penetrate the stationary energy storage market, due to the abundancy, and low cost of active species – oxygen and zinc. However, their technological fruition is limited by the development of reversible O2 electrodes operating at potentials between 0.6 VRHE to 1.7 VRHE, under which no catalyst material has been shown to be stable over long durations. Despite heavy research on the topic of reversible O2 catalysis, little is known about the parameters controlling the stability of the bifunctional catalyst. Several research accounts assess the activity of reversible O2 catalysts, but only a small portion cover degradation mechanism over such a large potential window. In this perspective, we summarize our current understanding of material challenges for Zn–air batteries, reversible O2 catalyst integration strategies, and electrochemical behaviour, with a particular focus on catalyst stability. Nickel cobalt oxide (NiCo2O4), a promising yet understudied system, is used as an example material for investigations at potentials of both the O2 reduction (ORR) and evolution (OER) reactions. We also report original data employing ex situ X-ray diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as electrochemical measurements to study the activity of NiCo2O4. Furthermore, electrochemical accelerated stress tests are coupled with post-mortem transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the dissolution, compositional changes and amorphization of the top surface 5 nm of the catalyst surface. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed irreversible oxidation of Co centres in NiCo2O4 during OER, which explains the reduction in activity of the ORR after the catalyst was exposed to anodic OER potentials. This methodology provides a broader method to screen reversible O2 catalyst stability and enables us to sum
  • Journal article
    Thomson C, Lough AJM, Moorkens J, Liu T, Gunnells SA, Fitzsimmons JN, Steiner Z, Dunlea AG, Woulds C, Homoky WB, Wang M, Tan Q-G, Liu Fet al., 2025,

    Ecological Impacts of Deep-Sea Mining Waste on Marine Algae and Copepod Tigriopus californicus

    , ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0013-936X
  • Report
    Barnes C, Konstantinoudis G, Masselot P, Mistry M, Gasparrini A, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Theokritoff E, Clarke B, Otto Fet al., 2025,

    Summer heat deaths in 854 European cities more than tripled due to climate change

    , Publisher: Grantham Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

    Focusing on 854 European cities, this study found climate change was responsible for 68% of the 24,400estimated heat deaths this summer by increasing temperatures by up to 3.6°C.The analysis was led by researchers at Imperial College London and London School of Hygiene & TropicalMedicine, who warn the result is only a snapshot of the death toll linked to extreme heat as the cities studiedrepresent about 30% of Europe’s population. It follows a study by the same team which found climatechange could have tripled the death toll of a July heatwave in Europe.
  • Journal article
    Qi W, Yong B, Ritchie EA, Tyo JS, Toumi Ret al., 2025,

    Global increase of tropical cyclone precipitation rate toward coasts

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 52, ISSN: 0094-8276

    Tropical cyclones (TCs) induced precipitation poses a critical threat to coastal regions. In the context of global warming and humidification, it remains to be clarified whether coastal exposure to TC-induced precipitation has a detectable response. Based on multi-source data sets in the past four decades, this study investigates the coastward trends of global TC-induced precipitation changes. We find that the TC lifetime maximum precipitation intensities show a statistically significant landward migration, moving about 30 km per decade. Furthermore, the precipitation intensities of TCs exhibit faster growth in coastal areas, with a concurrent rapid expansion of the land coverage of TC-induced precipitation. A consistent pattern of change is demonstrated between intensifying TC-induced precipitation and the warming-humidifying ambient environment, with higher significance in coastal areas. Our findings suggest that the spatial heterogeneity in global climate change may have contributed to the modulation of coastal TC-induced precipitation.
  • Journal article
    Yu X, Li J, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zou L, Luo C, Shen C, Liu F, Xu J, Tang Xet al., 2025,

    Identification of the microorganisms for methane-dependent arsenate reduction in wetland using DNA-stable isotope probing and metagenomics

    , WATER RESEARCH, Vol: 284, ISSN: 0043-1354
  • Journal article
    Davids D, Grant N, Mittal S, Hawkes A, Oluleye Get al., 2025,

    Impact of methane leakage rate and carbon capture rate on blue hydrogen sustainability using combined warming index

    , Applied Energy, Vol: 394, ISSN: 0306-2619

    Blue hydrogen may become important to achieve decarbonisation targets. Yet, the uncertainty and aggregated impact of methane leakage rate and carbon dioxide capture rate on the value of blue hydrogen from a whole systems perspective has not been investigated. Our study focuses on the impact of the dual influence of these variables in an energy system model of the United Kingdom (UK). We incorporate practical ranges for methane leakage rate and carbon capture rate and analyse their impact by formulating a novel parameter, termed the Combined Warming Index (CWI). The CWI can be used to assess decarbonisation scenario outputs from energy system models giving insights into their effects on the dynamics of energy system and decarbonisation parameters. Our results suggest that sustainable deployment of blue hydrogen becomes threatened at a carbon capture rate of 85 % and across the range of methane leakage rates of 0.125 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 % and 2.5 %. At a carbon capture rate of 90 %, and methane leakage rates at 1 %, 1.5 % and 2.5 %, blue hydrogen is not significantly deployed to 2050. Methane leakage rate and carbon capture rate are key parameters for the success of blue hydrogen as a low-carbon hydrogen option, and although carbon capture rate is the more critical parameter, methane leakage rate is also important but becomes a secondary concern in natural gas supply chains with low fugitive emissions. The outcome of our research can contribute to framing relevant policy for the application of CCS technology as society seeks to attain low-carbon economy aims.
  • Journal article
    Li M, Toumi R, 2025,

    Can tropical cyclones exist near the Equator?

    , Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, ISSN: 0035-9009

    Tropical cyclones (TCs) rarely form within about 5 degrees of latitude of theEquator due to the weak Coriolis force, yet it is not clear how a weak Coriolisforce would affect an already developed TC vortex. In this study, a set of Cori-olis parameter (f ) sensitivity experiments are applied to a well-developed TCvortex in idealized simulations by decreasing f to zero, both abruptly and grad-ually. The simulated TCs weaken due to the reduction of f . However, dependingon the initial intensity, it can take several days for the TC to decay to a tropicalstorm. Both radial inflow and outflow strengthen throughout the cyclone depth,because of decreasing inertial stability and increasing agradient force associ-ated with reduced f . This further causes a deeper inflow layer and strengtheneddowndrafts associated with convection in the outer rainbands. The downdraftentrainment of mid-level dry air into the deeper inflow layer stabilizes theboundary layer and suppresses deep convection, ultimately resulting in theweakening of TCs. Although TCs are not formed readily near the Equator, if theyare steered there they could potentially exist long enough to cause damage.
  • Report
    Keeping T, García García D, Trigo R, Santos FLM, Barnes C, Vahlberg M, Meyer R, Otto F, Philip S, Singh R, Casas Osorio S, Neves M, Haro Pet al., 2025,

    Extreme fire weather conditions in Spain and Portugal now common due to climate change
  • Journal article
    Emmanuel R, Deshpande M, Anandh TS, Toumi R, Kranthi GM, Ingle STet al., 2025,

    Application of stream function in tracking a quasi-closed circulation and its characteristics in developing and non-developing tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean

    , TROPICAL CYCLONE RESEARCH AND REVIEW, Vol: 14, Pages: 185-202, ISSN: 2225-6032
  • Report
    Keeping T, Bergin C, Pinto I, Ekberzade B, Voulgarakis A, Grillakis M, Papavasileiou G, Xanthopoulos G, Lagouvardos K, Giannaros T, Yucel I, Atalay H, Barnes C, Vahlberg M, Kadihasanoglu A, Singh R, Çağla Tunç D, Otto F, Philip S, Zachariah M, Vrkic D, Koç P, Horozaloğlu S, Ali Erduran M, Girit I, Gkogkou E, Haro P, Raju Eet al., 2025,

    Weather conditions leading to deadly wildfires in Türkiye, Cyprus and Greece made 10 times more likely due to climate change

    , Publisher: Centre for Envirmental Policy
  • Report
    Barnes C, Clarke B, Rantanen M, Skålevåg A, Ødemark K, Kjellström E, Vahlberg M, Singh R, Otto F, Zachariah M, Kew S, Bergin C, Vrkic D, Hansson LB, Vikström T, Hodgson P, Norberg L, Holten T, Virkkunen S, Kuusterä K, Aura S, Haro P, Drobina D, Sjölund Het al., 2025,

    Intense two-week heatwave in Fennoscandia hotter and more likely due to climate change

    , Publisher: Centre for Environmental Policy

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