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  • Journal article
    Elvis Cao X, Hong T, Hong S, Erickson Det al., 2021,

    Engineering waveguide surface by gradient etching for uniform light scattering in photocatalytic applications

    , Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, Vol: 8

    In photoreactors, non-uniform light distribution leads to regions either with an overabundance of light or insufficient light irradiation. The integration of light-guiding elements such as waveguides into photocatalytic reactors has been an emerging approach to improve light delivery. However, traditional waveguides with constant surface properties experience an exponential decay in scattering light intensity under side irradiation. This reduces the light propagation length and hinders the scale-up potential. In this work, we derive the relationship between attenuation coefficients with etching time, determine the correlation between etching time and waveguide location for uniform scattering, and experimentally validate different light scattering profiles by engineering the surface roughness distribution of waveguides. We apply a dimensionless number, the coefficient of variation, to characterize the relative light distribution uniformity for gradient-etched, uniform-etched, and unmodified waveguides. Scattering light uniformity via gradient etching is more than 13 times higher than that for uniform-etching. In addition, the light distribution for gradient etching exhibits improved uniformity than other approaches, such as tip coating, physical carving, and engineered pillars. We then evaluate the effect of different light scattering profiles on photocatalytic activities in a photodegradation test for methylene blue, with non-etched, uniform-etched, and gradient-etched waveguides serving as internal light-guiding elements. Gradient-etched waveguides show ∼4 times improvement in photodegradation activity over uniform-etched designs and ∼8 times over non-etched configurations. This result underscores gradient etching for waveguides as a viable approach for precision light delivery to increase the light distribution uniformity, thus enhancing reaction rates for photocatalytic reactors.
  • Journal article
    Wang S, Toumi R, 2021,

    Recent tropical cyclone changes inferred from ocean surface temperature cold wakes

    , Scientific Reports, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2045-2322

    It has been challenging to detect trends of tropical cyclone (TC) properties due to temporal heterogeneities and short duration of the direct observations. TCs impact the ocean surface temperature by creating cold wakes as a “fingerprint”. Here we infer changes of the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI), size and integrated kinetic energy from the cold wakes for the period 1982–2019. We find a globally enhanced local cold wake amplitude 3 days after the LMI of − 0.12 ± 0.04 °C per decade whereas the cold wake size does not show any significant change. Multivariate regression models based on the observed ocean cooling, the TC translation speed and the ocean mixed layer depth are applied to infer LMI and TC size. The inferred annual mean global LMI has increased by 1.0 ± 0.7 m s−1 per decade. This inferred trend is between that found for two directly observed data sets. However, the TC size and the TC destructive potential measured by the integrated kinetic energy, have not altered significantly. This analysis provides new independent and indirect evidence of recent TC LMI increases, but a stable size and integrated kinetic energy.
  • Journal article
    Brondizio ES, Lemos MC, Guan D, Jennings N, Mbow C, Nagendra H, Tschakert Pet al., 2021,

    Global Environmental Change: 30 years of interdisciplinary research on the human and policy dimensions of environmental change

    , Global Environmental Change, Vol: 71, Pages: 1-2, ISSN: 0959-3780
  • Journal article
    Callaghan M, Schleussner C-F, Nath S, Lejeune Q, Knutson TR, Reichstein M, Hansen G, Theokritoff E, Andrijevic M, Brecha RJ, Hegarty M, Jones C, Lee K, Lucas A, van Maanen N, Menke I, Pfleiderer P, Yesil B, Minx JCet al., 2021,

    Machine-learning-based evidence and attribution mapping of 100,000 climate impact studies

    , NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, Vol: 11, Pages: 966-+, ISSN: 1758-678X
  • Journal article
    Thomas A, Theokritoff E, 2021,

    Debt-for-climate swaps for small islands

    , NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, Vol: 11, Pages: 889-891, ISSN: 1758-678X
  • Journal article
    Berrang-Ford L, Siders AR, Lesnikowski A, Fischer AP, Callaghan MW, Haddaway NR, Mach KJ, Araos M, Shah MAR, Wannewitz M, Doshi D, Leiter T, Matavel C, Musah-Surugu JI, Wong-Parodi G, Antwi-Agyei P, Ajibade I, Chauhan N, Kakenmaster W, Grady C, Chalastani V, Jagannathan K, Galappaththi EK, Sitati A, Scarpa G, Totin E, Davis K, Hamilton NC, Kirchhoff CJ, Kumar P, Pentz B, Simpson NP, Theokritoff E, Deryng D, Reckien D, Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ulibarri N, Segnon AC, Khavhagali V, Shang Y, Zvobgo L, Zommers Z, Xu J, Williams PA, Canosa IV, van Maanen N, van Bavel B, van Aalst M, Turek-Hankins LL, Trivedi H, Trisos CH, Thomas A, Thakur S, Templeman S, Stringer LC, Sotnik G, Sjostrom KD, Singh C, Sina MZ, Shukla R, Sardans J, Salubi EA, Chalkasra LSS, Ruiz-Diaz R, Richards C, Pokharel P, Petzold J, Penuelas J, Avila JP, Murillo JBP, Ouni S, Niemann J, Nielsen M, New M, Schwerdtle PN, Alverio GN, Mullin CA, Mullenite J, Mosurska A, Morecroft MD, Minx JC, Maskell G, Nunbogu AM, Magnan AK, Lwasa S, Lukas-Sithole M, Lissner T, Lilford O, Koller SF, Jurjonas M, Joe ET, Huynh LTM, Hill A, Hernandez RR, Hegde G, Hawxwell T, Harper S, Harden A, Haasnoot M, Gilmore EA, Gichuki L, Gatt A, Garschagen M, Ford JD, Forbes A, Farrell AD, Enquist CAF, Elliott S, Duncan E, de Perez EC, Coggins S, Chen T, Campbell D, Browne KE, Bowen KJ, Biesbroek R, Bhatt ID, Kerr RB, Barr SL, Baker E, Austin SE, Arotoma-Rojas I, Anderson C, Ajaz W, Agrawal T, Abu TZet al., 2021,

    A systematic global stocktake of evidence on human adaptation to climate change

    , NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, Vol: 11, Pages: 989-+, ISSN: 1758-678X
    • Cite
    • Citations: 357
  • Journal article
    Crisan D, Holm DD, Street OD, 2021,

    Wave-current interaction on a free surface

    , STUDIES IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Vol: 147, Pages: 1277-1338, ISSN: 0022-2526
  • Journal article
    Huang B, Rao RR, You S, Myint KH, Song Y, Wang Y, Ding W, Giordano L, Zhang Y, Wang T, Muy S, Katayama Y, Grossman JC, Willard AP, Xu K, Jiang Y, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2021,

    Cation- and pH-Dependent Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation Reaction Kinetics

    , JACS AU, Vol: 1, Pages: 1674-1687
    • Cite
    • Citations: 237
  • Journal article
    Ducimetiere Y-M, Gallaire F, Lefauve A, Caulfield C-CPet al., 2021,

    Effects of spanwise confinement on stratified shear instabilities

    , PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2469-990X
  • Report
    Chastin S, Jennings N, Toney J, Diaz Anadon L, Smith Pet al., 2021,

    Co-benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions

    , Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Actions
  • Report
    Trask A, Wills K, Green T, Staffell I, Auvermann O, Coutellier Q, Muuls M, Hardy J, Morales Rodriguez D, Martin R, Sivakumar A, Pawlak J, Faghih Imani SA, Strbac G, Badesa Bernardo Let al., 2021,

    Impacts of COVID-19 on the Energy System

    , Impacts of COVID-19 on the Energy System

    This Briefing Paper explores the impactthe COVID-19 pandemic had on the UK’senergy sector over the course of thefirst government-mandated nationallockdown that began on 23 March 2020.Research from several aspects of theIntegrated Development of Low-carbonEnergy Systems (IDLES) programme atImperial College London is presented inone overarching paper. The main aim isto determine what lessons can be learntfrom that lockdown period, given theunique set of challenges it presented inour daily lives and the changes it broughtabout in energy demand, supply, anduse. Valuable insights are gained intohow working-from-home policies,electric vehicles, and low-carbon gridscan be implemented, incentivised, andmanaged effectively.
  • Journal article
    Stevenson S, Collins A, Jennings N, Koberle A, Laumann F, Laverty A, Vineis P, Woods J, Gambhir Aet al., 2021,

    A hybrid approach to identifying and assessing interactions between climate action (SDG13) policies and a range of SDGs in a UK context

    , Discover Sustainability, Vol: 2, ISSN: 2662-9984

    In 2015 the United Nations drafted the Paris Agreement and established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for all nations. A question of increasing relevance is the extent to which the pursuit of climate action (SDG 13) interacts both positively and negatively with other SDGs. We tackle this question through a two-pronged approach: a novel, automated keyword search to identify linkages between SDGs and UK climate-relevant policies; and a detailed expert survey to evaluate these linkages through specific examples. We consider a particular subset of SDGs relating to health, economic growth, affordable and clean energy and sustainable cities and communities. Overall, we find that of the 89 UK climate-relevant policies assessed, most are particularly interlinked with the delivery of SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and that certain UK policies, like the Industrial Strategy and 25-Year Environment Plan, interlink with a wide range of SDGs. Focusing on these climate-relevant policies is therefore likely to deliver a wide range of synergies across SDGs 3 (Good Health and Well-being), 7, 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), 11, 14 (Life Below Water) and 15 (Life on Land). The expert survey demonstrates that in addition to the range of mostly synergistic interlinkages identified in the keyword search, there are also important potential trade-offs to consider. Our analysis provides an important new toolkit for the research and policy communities to consider interactions between SDGs, which can be employed across a range of national and international contexts.
  • Journal article
    Wang S, Toumi R, Ye Q, Ke Q, Bricker J, Tian Z, Sun Let al., 2021,

    Is the tropical cyclone surge in Shanghai more sensitive to landfall location or intensity change?

    , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 22, ISSN: 1530-261X

    It has been shown that the proportion of intense tropical cyclones (TCs) has been increasing together with a poleward migration of TC track. However, their relative importance to TC surge at landfall remains unknown. Here we examine the sensitivity of TC surge in Shanghai to landfall location and intensity with a new dynamical modelling framework. We find a surge sensitivity of 0.8 m (°N)−1 to landfall location, and 0.1 m (m s−1)−1 to wind speed in Shanghai during landfall. The landfall location and intensity are comparably important to surge variation. However, based on a plausible range of reported trends of TC poleward migration and intensity, the potential surge hazard due to poleward migration is estimated to be about three times larger than that by intensity change. The long-term surge risk in Shanghai is therefore substantially more sensitive to changes of TC track and landfall location than intensity. This may also be true elsewhere and in the future.
  • Journal article
    Ke Q, Yin J, Bricker JD, Savage N, Buonomo E, Ye Q, Visser P, Dong G, Wang S, Tian Z, Sun L, Toumi R, Jonkman SNet al., 2021,

    An integrated framework of coastal flood modelling under the failures of sea dikes: a case study in Shanghai

    , Natural Hazards, Vol: 109, Pages: 671-703, ISSN: 0921-030X

    Climate change leads to sea level rise worldwide, as well as increases in the intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs). Storm surge induced by TC’s, together with spring tides, threatens to cause failure of flood defenses, resulting in massive flooding in low-lying coastal areas. However, limited research has been done on the combined effects of the increasing intensity of TCs and sea level rise on the characteristics of coastal flooding due to the failure of sea dikes. This paper investigates the spatial variation of coastal flooding due to the failure of sea dikes subject to past and future TC climatology and sea level rise, via a case study of a low-lying deltaic city- Shanghai, China. Using a hydrodynamic model and a spectral wave model, storm tide and wave parameters were calculated as input for an empirical model of overtopping discharge rate. The results show that the change of storm climatology together with relative sea level rise (RSLR) largely exacerbates the coastal hazard for Shanghai in the future, in which RSLR is likely to have a larger effect than the TC climatology change on future coastal flooding in Shanghai. In addition, the coastal flood hazard will increase to a large extent in terms of the flood water volume for each corresponding given return period. The approach developed in this paper can also be utilized to investigate future flood risk for other low-lying coastal regions.
  • Journal article
    Phillipson LM, Toumi R, 2021,

    A physical interpretation of recent tropical cyclone post‐landfall decay

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 48, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 0094-8276

    The decay of landfalling tropical cyclones is important to the damage caused. We examine a simple physically based decay model of maximum surface winds driven by frictional turbulent drag and a modification accounting for partial to complete land roughness. The model fits an algebraic decay with a parameter determined by the ratio of the surface drag coefficient to the effective vortex depth. This parameter has been decreasing from 1980 to 2018. There is also a global mean increase of wind speed 24 h after landfall of +1.13 m/s per decade. We cannot exclude the possibility that this trend is driven by the initial wind speed increase, but it is most likely due to a slowing of the decay. This weaker decay amounts to an additional 7 h of gale force winds for a typical Category 1 at landfall.
  • Journal article
    Cao XE, Kim J, Mehta S, Erickson Det al., 2021,

    Two-Color Duplex Platform for Point-of-Care Differential Detection of Malaria and Typhoid Fever.

    , Anal Chem, Vol: 93, Pages: 12175-12180

    Malaria and typhoid fever are two febrile illnesses prevalent in the tropics that often present overlapping symptoms. In this work, we demonstrate an optical reader-based diagnostics platform for rapid codetection and quantification of two antigen targets: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for typhoid fever and plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) for malaria infections. We report a limit of detection (LoD) of 5 ng/mL for LPS and 10 ng/mL for pLDH in a spiked serum test. We also validated the duplex test's performance of differentiating malaria infection, typhoid fever infection, and coinfection by testing clinical samples in human serum. Our platform provides the potential for further multiplexing by encoding different color codes to various detection targets. The rapid result (∼15 min), low cost (∼$2), and minimal volume requirement for human serum clinical samples (4 μL) of our diagnostic platform offer great potential for deployment in resource-limited settings to help distinguish common causes for acute febrile illnesses at the point-of-need.
  • Journal article
    Lok CCF, Chan JCL, Toumi R, 2021,

    Tropical cyclones near landfall can induce their own intensification through feedbacks on radiative forcing

    , Communications Earth & Environment, Vol: 2, ISSN: 2662-4435

    Rapid intensification of near-landfall tropical cyclones is very difficult to predict, and yet has far-reaching consequences due to their disastrous impact to the coastal areas. The focus for improving predictions of rapid intensification has so far been on environmental conditions. Here we use the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Modeling System to simulate tropical cyclones making landfall in South China: Nida (2016), Hato (2107) and Mangkhut (2018). Two smaller storms (Hato and Nida) undergo intensification, which is induced by the storms themselves through their extensive subsidence ahead of the storms, leading to clear skies and strong solar heating of the near-shore sea water over a shallow continental shelf. This heating provides latent heat to the storms, and subsequently intensification occurs. In contrast, such heating does not occur in the larger storm (Mangkhut) due to its widespread cloud cover. This results imply that to improve the prediction of tropical cyclone intensity changes prior to landfall, it is necessary to correctly simulate the short-term evolution of near-shore ocean conditions.
  • Journal article
    Cao XE, De Luna P, 2021,

    Why we need scientists to make sustainable policies.

    , Matter, Vol: 4, Pages: 2690-2693

    The COVID-19 pandemic taught us the importance of having scientists in public health policymaking. As with the pandemic, humanity faces another crisis at a greater scale: global climate change. Here, two carbontech researchers and Forbes 30 Under 30 honorees reflect on their unique paths toward influencing sustainable policies in government and international organizations. They reason that science advice is often ignored by governments and that we need more STEM scientists in sustainability policymaking. They also offer their advice to other young scientists who are looking to make an impact beyond academia.
  • Journal article
    Thomas A, Theokritoff E, Lesnikowski A, Reckien D, Jagannathan K, Cremades R, Campbell D, Joe ET, Sitati A, Singh C, Segnon AC, Pentz B, Musah-Surugu JI, Mullin CA, Mach KJ, Gichuki L, Galappaththi E, Chalastani VI, Ajibade I, Ruiz-Diaz R, Grady C, Garschagen M, Ford J, Bowen Ket al., 2021,

    Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation

    , REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, Vol: 21, ISSN: 1436-3798
    • Cite
    • Citations: 83
  • Journal article
    Wang T, Zhang Y, Huang B, Cai B, Rao RR, Giordano L, Sun S-G, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2021,

    Enhancing oxygen reduction electrocatalysis by tuning interfacial hydrogen bonds

    , NATURE CATALYSIS, Vol: 4, Pages: 753-762, ISSN: 2520-1158
    • Cite
    • Citations: 280
  • Journal article
    Tsui EYL, Toumi R, 2021,

    Hurricanes as an enabler of Amazon fires

    , Scientific Reports, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 2045-2322

    A teleconnection between North Atlantic tropical storms and Amazon fires is investigated as a possible case of compound remote extreme events. The seasonal cycles of the storms and fires are in phase with a maximum around September and have significant inter-annual correlation. Years of high Amazon fire activity are associated with atmospheric conditions over the Atlantic which favour tropical cyclones. We propose that anomalous precipitation and latent heating in the Caribbean, partly caused by tropical storms, leads to a thermal circulation response which creates anomalous subsidence and enhances surface solar heating over the Amazon. The Caribbean storms and precipitation anomalies could thus promote favourable atmospheric conditions for Amazon fire.
  • Report
    Ainalis D, Bardhan R, Bell K, Cebon D, Czerniak M, Doyne Farmer J, Fitzgerland S, Galkowski K, Grimshaw S, Harper G, Hunt H, Jennings N, Keshav S, Mackie E, Maroto-Valer M, Michalopoulou E, Reay D, Seddon N, Smith SM, Smith T, Simpson K, Stranks SD, Tennyson EM, Uekert T, Vera-Morales M, Woodcock Jet al., 2021,

    Net-zero solutions and research priorities in the 2020s

    , Net-Zero Solutions and Research Priorities in the 2020s

    Key messages• Technological, societal and nature-based solutions should work together to enable systemic change towards a regenerative society, and to deliver net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.• Prioritise research into efficient, low-carbon and carbon-negative solutions for sectors that are difficult to decarbonise; i.e. energy storage, road transport, shipping, aviation and grid infrastructure.• Each solution should be assessed with respect to GHG emissions reductions, energy efficiency and societal implications to provide a basis for developing long-term policies, maximising positive impact of investment and research effort, and guiding industry investors in safe and responsible planning.
  • Journal article
    Hwang J, Rao RR, Giordano L, Akkiraju K, Wang XR, Crumlin EJ, Bluhm H, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2021,

    Regulating oxygen activity of perovskites to promote NO<i><sub>x</sub></i> oxidation and reduction kinetics

    , NATURE CATALYSIS, Vol: 4, Pages: 663-673, ISSN: 2520-1158
    • Cite
    • Citations: 118
  • Journal article
    Waite C, Lindstrom-Battle A, Bennett M, Carey M, Kotta-Loizou I, Hong C, Buck M, Schumacher Jet al., 2021,

    Resource allocation during the transition to diazotrophy in Klebsiella oxytoca

    , Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-20, ISSN: 1664-302X

    Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria can improve growth yields of some non-leguminous plants and, if enhanced through bioengineering approaches, have the potential to address major nutrient imbalances in global crop production by supplementing inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. However, nitrogen fixation is a highly resource-costly adaptation and is de-repressed only in environments in which sources of reduced nitrogen are scarce. Here we investigate nitrogen fixation (nif) gene expression and nitrogen starvation response signalling in the model diazotroph Klebsiella oxytoca (Ko) M5a1 during ammonium depletion and the transition to growth on atmospheric N2. Exploratory RNA-sequencing revealed that over 50% of genes were differentially expressed under diazotrophic conditions, among which the nif genes are among the most highly expressed and highly upregulated. Isotopically labelled QconCAT standards were designed for multiplexed, absolute quantification of Nif and nitrogen-stress proteins via multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS). Time-resolved Nif protein concentrations were indicative of bifurcation in the accumulation rates of nitrogenase subunits (NifHDK) and accessory proteins. We estimate that the nitrogenase may account for more than 40% of cell protein during diazotrophic growth and occupy approximately half the active ribosome complement. The concentrations of free amino acids in nitrogen-starved cells were insufficient to support the observed rates of Nif protein expression. Total Nif protein accumulation was reduced 10-fold when the NifK protein was truncated and nitrogenase catalysis lost (nifK1-1203), implying that reinvestment of de novo fixed nitrogen is essential for further nif expression and a complete diazotrophy transition. Several amino acids accumulated in non-fixing ΔnifLA and nifK1-1203 mutants, while the rest remained highly stable despite prolonged N starvation. Monitoring post-translational uridylylation of the PII-type
  • Journal article
    Bardow A, Bizzarri C, Cao XE, Cowan AJ, Cummings C, Del Angel Hernandez V, Doan H, Dowson G, Ghosh S, Gil V, Gugujonovic K, Kamali AR, König M, Leitner W, Luo J, Madhav D, Maneiro M, Manyar H, McCord S, Moore E, North M, Pant D, Perry S, Poon J, Rossi L, Ruiz Esquius J, Schreiber M, Shozi M, Sick V, Styring P, Tanveer W, Thomas O, Whiston K, Yu Eet al., 2021,

    Emerging technologies: general discussion.

    , Faraday Discuss, Vol: 230, Pages: 388-412
  • Journal article
    Armstrong K, Barbarino S, Cao XE, Cassiola F, Catlow RA, Claeys M, Conway M, Cowan AJ, de Leeuw NH, Dowson GRM, Fischer N, Ghaderian A, Ghosh S, Kamali AR, Khan S, Kyrimis S, Lawes N, Leitner W, Maneiro M, Manyar H, Marquart W, McCord S, Moore E, North M, Olsbye U, Pant D, Poon J, Quesne MG, Ranocchiari M, Rossi L, Ruiz Esquius J, Shozi M, Sick V, Styring P, Tan J, Tanzer SE, Thomas O, Whiston K, Wolf Met al., 2021,

    Thermal catalytic conversion: general discussion.

    , Faraday Discuss, Vol: 230, Pages: 124-151
  • Journal article
    Armstrong K, Bardow A, Cao XE, Cassiola F, Fischer N, Hills C, Kamali AR, Kerr J, Khan S, Leitner W, Madhav D, Manyar H, McCord S, Pant D, Park A-HA, Poon J, Ramirez A, Sick V, Styring P, Tanzer SE, Tripathi N, Whiston Ket al., 2021,

    Accelerated mineralisation: general discussion.

    , Faraday Discuss, Vol: 230, Pages: 213-226
  • Journal article
    Armstrong K, Bachmann M, Bardow A, Cao XE, Cassiola F, Cummings C, Dowson G, Kamali AR, Leitner W, Manyar H, McCord S, North M, Pant D, Park A-HA, Pérez-Fortes M, Platt E, Poon J, Ramírez A, Sick V, Styring P, Tanzer SE, Tanveer W, Thomas O, Whiston Ket al., 2021,

    Life cycle and upscaling: general discussion.

    , Faraday Discuss, Vol: 230, Pages: 308-330
  • Journal article
    Ke Q, Yin J, Bricker JD, Savage N, Buonomo E, Ye Q, Visser P, Dong G, Wang S, Tian Z, Sun L, Toumi R, Jonkman SNet al., 2021,

    Correction to: An integrated framework of coastal flood modelling under the failures of sea dikes: a case study in Shanghai

    , Natural Hazards, Vol: 109, Pages: 705-706, ISSN: 0921-030X

    This correction stands to support the update of the original article originally published without co-corresponding attribution to Zhan Tian. The original article has been corrected.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04853-z The Spiral record for original article is: http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/115050
  • Journal article
    Chang S, Zou Z, Liu J, Isac M, Cao XE, Su X, Guthrie RILet al., 2021,

    Study on the slag-metal interfacial behavior under the impact of bubbles in different sizes

    , Powder Technology, Vol: 387, Pages: 125-135, ISSN: 0032-5910

    A novel ladle shroud was employed to produce small bubbles to remove inclusions smaller than 50 μm meanwhile inhibiting the formation of slag eye. Both water modeling and industrial tests were carried out to confirm the generation of small bubbles with the ladle shroud. The numerical model was developed to investigate slag-metal interfacial behaviors, considering the effects of bubble sizes and distributions. The gas flux through the surface was employed to evaluate the impact of bubble swarm on slag layer. The results show that reducing bubble sizes can effectively disperse bubbles passing through the slag layer, so as to inhibit the formation of slag eye, under the same gas flow rate. The diameter of slag eye matches well 1.7 times diameter of the region with gas flux higher than 0.0025 m/s. The heat loss of the entire tundish was estimated, considering the convection and radiation heat transfer of slag eye.

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