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  • Journal article
    Escudero-Escribano M, Biegel CM, Kamat PV, 2020,

    Women Scientists at the Forefront of Energy Research: A Virtual Issue, Part 2

    , ACS ENERGY LETTERS, Vol: 5, Pages: 623-633, ISSN: 2380-8195
  • Journal article
    Parks RM, Bennett JE, Tamura-Wicks H, Kontis V, Toumi R, Danaei G, Ezzati Met al., 2020,

    Anomalously warm temperatures are associated with increased injury deaths

    , Nature Medicine, Vol: 26, Pages: 65-70, ISSN: 1078-8956

    Temperatures which deviate from long-term local norm affect human health, and are projected to become more frequent as the global climate changes.1 There is limited data on how such anomalies affect deaths from injuries. Here, we used data on mortality and temperature over 38 years (1980-2017) in the contiguous USA and formulated a Bayesian spatio-temporal model to quantify how anomalous temperatures, defined as deviations of monthly temperature from the local average monthly temperature over the entire analysis period, affect deaths from unintentional (transport, falls and drownings) and intentional (assault and suicide) injuries, by age group and sex. We found that a 1.5°C anomalously warm year, as envisioned under the Paris Climate Agreement,2 would be associated with an estimated 1,601 (95% credible interval 1,430-37 1,776) additional injury deaths. 84% of these additional deaths would occur in males, mostly in adolescent to middle ages. These deaths would comprise of increases in deaths 39 from drownings, transport, assault and suicide, offset partly by a decline in deaths from falls in older ages. The findings demonstrate the need for targeted interventions against injuries during periods of anomalously high temperatures, especially as these episodes are likely to increase with global climate change.
  • Journal article
    Oluleye G, 2020,

    A novel optimisation framework to support increased uptake of low carbon industrial energy systems

    , Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol: 81, Pages: 1063-1068, ISSN: 1974-9791

    © 2020 Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC. All rights reserved. Combustion of fossil fuels in industrial energy systems (IES) is responsible for over 45 % of CO2 emissions. Low Carbon IES will go a long way in achieving the climate goal of the Paris Agreement; yet, uptake of concepts to deliver low carbon IES is slow. Cost and emissions minimisation based optimisation frameworks applied to design and assess IES, though important, are not able to directly quantify the uptake of new technologies to deliver low carbon IES in a country or region. This work presents a novel MINLP framework capable of directly maximing the adoption of low carbon IES within a country and region whilst determining the optimal energy flows and associate costs. The method is applied to a case stufy of 6,181 energy systems in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in 27 EU countries to support increased adoption of technology switching (from combustion to electrochemistry), and fuel switching (from natural gas to biogas). Results show that without policy interventions uptake of these measures is only in 0.2 % of the plants located in Denmark, with policy intervention uptake increases to 60 % in more countries. The novel framework shows how the uptake of a new cleaner technology in a country or region can be accelerated.
  • Journal article
    Belghachem N, Mahfoudia O, Bensalah N, Toumi Ret al., 2020,

    Performance analysis of spread spectrum techniques for laser remote sensing multiple-input multiple-output systems

    , OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 59, ISSN: 0091-3286
  • Journal article
    Chasapis CT, Konstantinoudis G, 2020,

    Protein isoelectric point distribution in the interactomes across the domains of life

    , BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 256, ISSN: 0301-4622
  • Journal article
    Phillipson L, Toumi R, 2019,

    Assimilation of satellite salinity for modelling the Congo River plume

    , Remote Sensing, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-20, ISSN: 2072-4292

    Abstract:Satellite salinity data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission was recently enhanced, increasing the spatial extent near the coast that eluded earlier versions. In a pilot attempt we assimilate this data into a coastal ocean model (ROMS) using variational assimilation and for the first time, investigate the impact on the simulation of a major river plume (the Congo River). Four experiments were undertaken consisting of a control (without data assimilation) and5the assimilation of either sea surface height, SMOS and the combination of both. Several metrics specific to the plume were utilised, including the area of the plume, distance to the centre of mass, orientation and average salinity. The assimilation of SMOS and SMOS-SSH consistently produced the best results in the plume analysis. Argo float salinity profiles provided independent verification of the forecast. The SMOS or SMOS-SSH forecast produced the closest agreement for Argo profiles over the whole domain (outside and inside the plume) for three of four months analysed, improving over the control and a persistence baseline. The number of samples of Argo floats determined to be inside the plume were limited. Nevertheless, for the limited plume-detected floats the largest improvements were found for the SMOS or SMOS-SSH forecast for two of the four months.
  • Journal article
    Zhang Y, Takahashi Y, Hong SP, Liu F, Bednarska J, Goff P, Novak P, Shevchuk A, Gopal S, Barozzi I, Magnani L, Sakai H, Suguru Y, Fujii T, Gorelkin P, Majouga A, Weiss D, Edwards C, Ivanov A, Klenerman D, Sviderskaya E, Edel J, Korchev Yet al., 2019,

    High-resolution label-free 3D mapping of extracellular pH of single living cells

    , Nature Communications, Vol: 10, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 2041-1723

    Dynamic mapping of extracellular pH (pHe) at the single-cell level is critical for understanding the role of H+ in cellular and subcellular processes, with particular importance in cancer. While several pHe sensing techniques have been developed, accessing this information at the single-cell level requires improvement in sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution. We report on a zwitterionic label-free pH nanoprobe that addresses these long-standing challenges. The probe has a sensitivity >0.01 units, 2 ms response time, and 50 nm spatial resolution. The technology was incorporated into a double-barrel nanoprobe integrating pH sensing with feedback-controlled distance sensing via Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. This allows for the simultaneous 3D topographical imaging and pHe monitoring of living cancer cells. These classes of nanoprobes were used for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution pHe mapping at the subcellular level and revealed tumour heterogeneity of the peri-cellular environments of melanoma and breast cancer cells.
  • Report
    Shrimali G, Agarwal N, Donovan C, 2019,

    Drivers in solar deployment in India: A state-level analysis

    , Drivers in solar deployment in India: A state-level analysis, http://www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham, Publisher: The Grantham Institute

    This report considers the drivers of inter-state solar power deployment in India, and what mix of policies are most appropriate to help India reachits ambitious solar power targets
  • Journal article
    Hwang J, Feng Z, Charles N, Wang XR, Lee D, Stoerzinger KA, Muy S, Rao RR, Lee D, Jacobs R, Morgan D, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2019,

    Tuning perovskite oxides by strain: Electronic structure, properties, and functions in (electro)catalysis and ferroelectricity

    , MATERIALS TODAY, Vol: 31, Pages: 100-118, ISSN: 1369-7021
  • Journal article
    Sparks N, Hon KK, Chan PW, Wang S, Chan JCL, Lee TC, Toumi Ret al., 2019,

    Aircraft observations of tropical cyclone boundary layer turbulence over the South China Sea

    , Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol: 76, Pages: 3773-3783, ISSN: 0022-4928

    There have been no high-frequency aircraft observations of tropical cyclone (TC) eyewall boundary layer turbulence since two flights into Atlantic hurricanes in the 1980s. We present an analysis of the first TC boundary layer flight observations in the South China Sea by the Hong Kong Observatory comprising four eyewall penetrations. We derive the vertical flux of momentum and vertical momentum diffusivity from observed turbulence parameters. We observe negative (upward) vertical fluxes of tangential momentum near the eyewall consistent with a jet below the flight level near the radius of maximum wind. Our observations of vertical momentum diffusivity support a superlinear relationship between diffusivity and wind speed at the high wind speeds in the inner-core of TCs (power-law exponent of 1.73 ± 0.20) while the few existing boundary layer hurricane observations in the North Atlantic suggest a more linear relationship.
  • Journal article
    Kirby ME, Bullen JC, Hanif MD, Heiba HF, Liu F, Northover GHR, Resongles E, Weiss DJet al., 2019,

    Determining the effect of pH on iron oxidation kinetics in aquatic environments: exploring a fundamental chemical reaction to grasp the significant ecosystem implications of iron bioavailability

    , Journal of Chemical Education, Vol: 97, Pages: 215-220, ISSN: 0021-9584

    Understanding the controls of the oxidation rate of iron (Fe) in oxygenated aquatic systems is fundamental for students of the Earth and Environmental Sciences as it defines the bioavailability of Fe, a trace metal essential for life. The laboratory experiment presented here was successfully developed and used during a third-year undergraduate lab course at Imperial College London for several years. It employs ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy calibrated externally with 0 to 50 μM Fe2+ standards created in a 492 μM ferrozine and 0.43 M acetate matrix. The students conducted the oxidation experiments in stirred batch reactors at equilibrium with atmospheric oxygen. The solution contained 40.5 μM initial Fe2+ concentration and a 5.1 mM imidazole buffer. The pH was adjusted to values between 7.22 and 7.77. The students observed a pseudo-first-order reaction with respect to Fe2+ concentration. Plotting the logarithms of the apparent rate constants (k′) at different pH values leads to a gradient of 2.2 ± 0.2 min–1 pH–1, indicating a second-order reaction with respect to OH– concentration, in agreement with published literature. The oxidation reaction occurred rapidly (tens of seconds to tens of minutes) indicating that in oxygenated aquatic systems, Fe3+ will be the dominant oxidation state, significantly reducing the bioavailability of Fe. The simple laboratory experiment presented here allows the students to learn about kinetic parameters for a fundamental chemical reaction. It allows the students to explore the significant implications this has for aquatic ecosystems.
  • Report
    Voulvoulis N, Zogheib C, 2019,

    Climate change and the human-made water cycle: Implications for the UK water sector

    , Climate change and the human-made water cycle: Implications for the UK water sector, www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham, Publisher: The Grantham Institute, Briefing paper number 32

    Climate change is already happening, and the UK’s climate will continue to change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions, with the long-term resilience of its infrastructure at risk.The water sector cannot adapt to the challenges of climate change in isolation, as policy effects in one sector will have indirect effects in others.Current demand pressures and reductions in abstraction licences – rights to draw water – are causing supply-demand deficits and this is coupled to the impacts of climate change. If no action is taken, the current high standards of service that is offered at a fair price, and without causing environmental damage, could soon be at risk.While impact on water flows might not yet be measurable, there is evidence to show that if water companies carry on with ‘business as usual’, we risk a future without enough water for people, business, farmers, wildlife and the environment.With water as the key medium that links atmospheric temperature rises to changes in human and physical systems, government, water companies and all the players in the wider sector need to play a more proactive role in accelerating the transition to a circular economy, while helping people, politicians and decision makers to understand and prepare for the risks of climate change.
  • Report
    Levey S, Gilbert A, 2019,

    Grantham Institute Outlook 2019-2020

    , Grantham Institute Outlook 2019-2020, Grantham Institute, Publisher: Grantham Institute, 10

    The flagship publication of Imperial College London's Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment, which showcases how the institute is tackling the challenges of climate and environmental change.
  • Journal article
    Lefauve A, Partridge JL, Linden PF, 2019,

    Regime transitions and energetics of sustained stratified shear flows

    , JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS, Vol: 875, Pages: 657-698, ISSN: 0022-1120
    • Cite
    • Citations: 17
  • Journal article
    Tiam SK, Lavoie I, Liu F, Hamilton PB, Fortin Cet al., 2019,

    Diatom Deformities and Tolerance to Cadmium Contamination in Four Species

    , ENVIRONMENTS, Vol: 6
  • Journal article
    Sommer G, Schindler M, Redmond S, Pfeiffer V, Konstantinoudis G, Ammann RA, Ansari M, Hengartner H, Michel G, Kuehni CE, Popovic MB, Bergstraesser E, Brazzola P, Greiner J, Grotzer M, Kuehne T, Roessler J, Niggli F, Schilling F, Scheinemann K, von Der Weid Net al., 2019,

    Temporal trends in incidence of childhood cancer in Switzerland, 1985-2014

    , CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY, Vol: 61, Pages: 157-164, ISSN: 1877-7821
  • Journal article
    Mezzavilla S, Katayama Y, Rao R, Hwang J, Regoutz A, Shao-Horn Y, Chorkendorff I, Stephens IELet al., 2019,

    Activity-or Lack Thereof-of RuO2-Based Electrodes in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 123, Pages: 17765-17773, ISSN: 1932-7447
  • Journal article
    Liu F, Tan Q-G, Fortin C, Campbell PGCet al., 2019,

    Why Does Cysteine Enhance Metal Uptake by Phytoplankton in Seawater but Not in Freshwater?

    , Environ Sci Technol, Vol: 53, Pages: 6511-6519

    Low-molecular-weight weak ligands such as cysteine have been shown to enhance metal uptake by marine phytoplankton in the presence of strong ligands, but the effect is not observed in freshwater. We hypothesized that these contrasting results might be caused by local cysteine degradation and a Ca effect on metal-ligand exchange kinetics in the boundary layer surrounding the algal cells; newly liberated free metal ions cannot be immediately complexed in seawater by Ca-bound strong ligands but can be rapidly complexed by free ligands at low-Ca levels. The present results consistently support this hypothesis. At constant bulk Cd2+ concentrations, buffered by strong ligands: (1) at 50 mM Ca, cysteine addition significantly enhanced Cd uptake in high-Ca preacclimated euryhaline Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (cultured with cysteine as a nitrogen source to enhance local Cd2+ liberation via cysteine degradation); (2) at 0.07 mM Ca, this enhancement was not observed in the algae; (3) at 50 mM Ca, the enhancement disappeared when C. reinhardtii were cultured with ammonium (to inhibit cysteine degradation and local Cd2+ liberation); (4) cysteine addition did not enhance Cd uptake by cysteine-cultured marine Thalassiosira weissflogii when the concentration of immediately reacting strong ligands was sufficient to complex local Cd2+ liberation.
  • Journal article
    wang S, Toumi R, 2019,

    Impact of dry midlevel air on the tropical cyclone outer circulation

    , Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol: 76, Pages: 1809-1826, ISSN: 0022-4928

    The impact of dry midlevel air on the outer circulation of tropical cyclones is investigated in idealized simulations with and without a moist envelope protecting the inner core. It is found that a dry midlevel layer away from the cyclone center can broaden the outer primary circulation and thus the overall destructive potential at both developing and mature stages. The midlevel outer drying enhances the horizontal gradient of latent heating in the rainbands and drives the expansion of the outer circulation. The moist convection at large radii is suppressed rapidly after the midlevel air is dried in the outer rainbands. An enhanced horizontal gradient of latent heating initiates a radial-vertical overturning circulation anomaly in the rainbands. This anomalous overturning circulation accelerates the radial inflow of the main secondary circulation, increases the angular momentum import, and thus increases the cyclone size. The dry air, mixed into the boundary layer from the midtroposphere, is “recharged” by high enthalpy fluxes due to the increased thermodynamical disequilibrium above the sea surface. This “recharge” process protects the eyewall convection from the environmental dry air ventilation. The proposed mechanism may explain the continuous expansion in the tropical cyclone outer circulation after maturity as found in observations.
  • Journal article
    Partridge JL, Lefauve A, Dalziel SB, 2019,

    A versatile scanning method for volumetric measurements of velocity and density fields

    , MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 30, ISSN: 0957-0233
    • Cite
    • Citations: 23
  • Conference paper
    Rao R, Shao-Horn Y, 2019,

    Towards understanding the electrified RuO2 water interface for the oxygen evolution reaction

    , National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS), Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
  • Report
    Jennings N, Fecht D, De Matteis S, 2019,

    Co-benefits of climate change mitigation in the UK: What issues are the UK public concerned about and how can action on climate change help to address them?
  • Report
    Parks R, Mclaren M, Toumi R, Rivett Uet al., 2019,

    Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town

    Water shortages will become more common in cities around the world during the 21st century due to climate change.• Cape Town, South Africa experienced an especially severe drought in 2017-2018 after several years of low rainfall. This drought prompted an estimate of Day Zero, when freshwater reservoir levels supplying the city would fall below 13.5% of capacity and the majority of the municipal water network would be shut down.• In response to this crisis, the City of Cape Town municipal government significantly extended an existing set of rules and regulations, and introduced additional measures, to limit water demand. These actions included restricting available water; new tariffs to penalise excess water usage; water management devices installed in domestic properties; and novel communication strategies.• The water crisis has had widespread economic and social impacts, with damage to the tourist and agriculture industries; and tensions between sections of society and government. • Any city under water stress, like Cape Town, needs a long-term strategy for water supply and demand. Such a strategy should include diversity of water sources, equity of service provisions, thoughtful but forceful messaging, early warning systems and co-operation between local, regional and national levels of government.
  • Journal article
    Katayama Y, Nattino F, Giordano L, Hwang J, Rao RR, Andreussi O, Marzari N, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2019,

    An <i>In Situ</i> Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction: Selectivity Dependence on Surface C-Bound and O-Bound Reaction Intermediates

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 123, Pages: 5951-5963, ISSN: 1932-7447
  • Journal article
    Liu Q, Zhou L, Liu F, Fortin C, Tan Y, Huang L, Campbell PGCet al., 2019,

    Uptake and subcellular distribution of aluminum in a marine diatom

    , ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, Vol: 169, Pages: 85-92, ISSN: 0147-6513
  • Conference paper
    Schumacher J, Waite C, Wang B, 2019,

    Synthetic transcription factors allowtuneable synthetic control of the complex bacterial nor regulon

    , EMBO: Creating is Understanding: Synthetic Biology Masters Complexity
  • Journal article
    Wei C, Rao RR, Peng J, Huang B, Stephens IEL, Risch M, Xu ZJ, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2019,

    Recommended Practices and Benchmark Activity for Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Water Splitting and Fuel Cells

    , Advanced Materials, ISSN: 0935-9648

    © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Electrochemical energy storage by making H 2 an energy carrier from water splitting relies on four elementary reactions, i.e., the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, the central objective is to recommend systematic protocols for activity measurements of these four reactions and benchmark activities for comparison, which is critical to facilitate the research and development of catalysts with high activity and stability. Details for the electrochemical cell setup, measurements, and data analysis used to quantify the kinetics of the HER, HOR, OER, and ORR in acidic and basic solutions are provided, and examples of state-of-the-art specific and mass activity of catalysts to date are given. First, the experimental setup is discussed to provide common guidelines for these reactions, including the cell design, reference electrode selection, counter electrode concerns, and working electrode preparation. Second, experimental protocols, including data collection and processing such as ohmic- and background-correction and catalyst surface area estimation, and practice for testing and comparing different classes of catalysts are recommended. Lastly, the specific and mass activity activities of some state-of-the-art catalysts are benchmarked to facilitate the comparison of catalyst activity for these four reactions across different laboratories.
  • Journal article
    Zhu ZH, Strempfer J, Rao RR, Occhialini CA, Pelliciari J, Choi Y, Kawaguchi T, You H, Mitchell JF, Shao-Horn Y, Comin Ret al., 2019,

    Anomalous Antiferromagnetism in Metallic RuO<sub>2</sub> Determined by Resonant X-ray Scattering

    , PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, Vol: 122, ISSN: 0031-9007
  • Journal article
    Camp J, Roberts MJ, Comer RE, Wu P, MacLachlan C, Bett PE, Golding N, Toumi R, Chan JCLet al., 2019,

    The western Pacific subtropical high and tropical cyclone landfall: Seasonal forecasts using the Met Office GloSea5 system

    , Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol: 145, Pages: 105-116, ISSN: 0035-9009

    We investigate the relationship between the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and tropical cyclone (TC) landfall in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis and two configurations of the UK Met Office Global Seasonal forecasting system version 5 (GloSea5): Global Atmosphere 3.0 (GA3) and Global Coupled configuration 2 (GC2). Both model configurations have the same horizontal and vertical resolution in the ocean and the atmosphere, but differ in terms of model physics. The WPSH strongly modulates TC activity over the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) and TC landfall over East Asia (Japan, Korea and East China). Here we show that both model configurations GA3 and GC2 show significant skill for predictions of the WPSH and TC variability over the subtropical WNP, as well as TC frequency along the coast of East Asia, during the boreal summer (June–August). An extension of the analysis to include the full WNP typhoon season (June–November) is also examined; however, only a weak significant relationship between the WPSH index and the observed TC frequency over East Asia is found during this period, and no significant relationship is present in either GloSea5 GA3 or GC2. Results highlight the potential for operational seasonal forecasts of TC landfall risk for Japan, Korea and East China over the June–August period using predictions of the WPSH indices from GloSea5.
  • Journal article
    Oluleye G, Wigh D, Shah N, Napoli M, Hawkes Aet al., 2019,

    A framework for biogas exploitation in Italian waste water treatment plants

    , Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol: 76, Pages: 991-996

    Copyright © 2019, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. Effective utilisation of biogas is an important step in increasing usage of renewable energy, due to the great flexibility that solar and wind power in particular lacks. Biogas generated through anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge addresses environmental concerns together with creating electricity generation potential. There is currently no optimisation-based decision-support framework to determine the best use of biogas from a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), and provide a market outlook for each of the options. This work proposes a novel multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) model for dispatch and selection of technologies capable of exploiting biogas produced from sludge. The novelty is also highlighted by extrapolating the optimised results to a broader analysis of 855 Italian WWTPs with Population Equivalent (P.E.) > 20,000. The use of real input data provides a unique added value to the work. The modelling framework is applied to several case studies. Results show that 7–23 % savings in operating costs are possible from integrating three systems to exploit biogas, and the trade-offs between capital and operating costs affect the optimal system choice. Furthermore, market driven scenarios are used to analyse how to improve the economic performance.

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