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  • Conference paper
    Schumacher J, Waite C, Wang B, 2019,

    Synthetic transcription factors allowtuneable synthetic control of the complex bacterial nor regulon

    , EMBO: Creating is Understanding: Synthetic Biology Masters Complexity
  • Journal article
    Wei C, Rao RR, Peng J, Huang B, Stephens IEL, Risch M, Xu ZJ, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2019,

    Recommended Practices and Benchmark Activity for Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Water Splitting and Fuel Cells

    , Advanced Materials, ISSN: 0935-9648

    © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Electrochemical energy storage by making H 2 an energy carrier from water splitting relies on four elementary reactions, i.e., the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, the central objective is to recommend systematic protocols for activity measurements of these four reactions and benchmark activities for comparison, which is critical to facilitate the research and development of catalysts with high activity and stability. Details for the electrochemical cell setup, measurements, and data analysis used to quantify the kinetics of the HER, HOR, OER, and ORR in acidic and basic solutions are provided, and examples of state-of-the-art specific and mass activity of catalysts to date are given. First, the experimental setup is discussed to provide common guidelines for these reactions, including the cell design, reference electrode selection, counter electrode concerns, and working electrode preparation. Second, experimental protocols, including data collection and processing such as ohmic- and background-correction and catalyst surface area estimation, and practice for testing and comparing different classes of catalysts are recommended. Lastly, the specific and mass activity activities of some state-of-the-art catalysts are benchmarked to facilitate the comparison of catalyst activity for these four reactions across different laboratories.
  • Journal article
    Zhu ZH, Strempfer J, Rao RR, Occhialini CA, Pelliciari J, Choi Y, Kawaguchi T, You H, Mitchell JF, Shao-Horn Y, Comin Ret al., 2019,

    Anomalous Antiferromagnetism in Metallic RuO<sub>2</sub> Determined by Resonant X-ray Scattering

    , PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, Vol: 122, ISSN: 0031-9007
  • Journal article
    Camp J, Roberts MJ, Comer RE, Wu P, MacLachlan C, Bett PE, Golding N, Toumi R, Chan JCLet al., 2019,

    The western Pacific subtropical high and tropical cyclone landfall: Seasonal forecasts using the Met Office GloSea5 system

    , Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol: 145, Pages: 105-116, ISSN: 0035-9009

    We investigate the relationship between the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and tropical cyclone (TC) landfall in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis and two configurations of the UK Met Office Global Seasonal forecasting system version 5 (GloSea5): Global Atmosphere 3.0 (GA3) and Global Coupled configuration 2 (GC2). Both model configurations have the same horizontal and vertical resolution in the ocean and the atmosphere, but differ in terms of model physics. The WPSH strongly modulates TC activity over the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) and TC landfall over East Asia (Japan, Korea and East China). Here we show that both model configurations GA3 and GC2 show significant skill for predictions of the WPSH and TC variability over the subtropical WNP, as well as TC frequency along the coast of East Asia, during the boreal summer (June–August). An extension of the analysis to include the full WNP typhoon season (June–November) is also examined; however, only a weak significant relationship between the WPSH index and the observed TC frequency over East Asia is found during this period, and no significant relationship is present in either GloSea5 GA3 or GC2. Results highlight the potential for operational seasonal forecasts of TC landfall risk for Japan, Korea and East China over the June–August period using predictions of the WPSH indices from GloSea5.
  • Journal article
    Oluleye G, Wigh D, Shah N, Napoli M, Hawkes Aet al., 2019,

    A framework for biogas exploitation in Italian waste water treatment plants

    , Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol: 76, Pages: 991-996

    Copyright © 2019, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. Effective utilisation of biogas is an important step in increasing usage of renewable energy, due to the great flexibility that solar and wind power in particular lacks. Biogas generated through anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge addresses environmental concerns together with creating electricity generation potential. There is currently no optimisation-based decision-support framework to determine the best use of biogas from a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), and provide a market outlook for each of the options. This work proposes a novel multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) model for dispatch and selection of technologies capable of exploiting biogas produced from sludge. The novelty is also highlighted by extrapolating the optimised results to a broader analysis of 855 Italian WWTPs with Population Equivalent (P.E.) > 20,000. The use of real input data provides a unique added value to the work. The modelling framework is applied to several case studies. Results show that 7–23 % savings in operating costs are possible from integrating three systems to exploit biogas, and the trade-offs between capital and operating costs affect the optimal system choice. Furthermore, market driven scenarios are used to analyse how to improve the economic performance.
  • Book chapter
    Oluleye G, 2018,

    Process integration applied to waste-to-energy production

    , Waste-to-Energy (WtE), Pages: 57-84

    Energy efficiency is a low-cost option for decarbonising energy systems. A form of energy recovery is waste-to-energy, especially where electricity and/or heat is generated from the primary treatment of waste. However, the energy efficiency of waste-to-energy production systems varies from 30-60% depending on the choice of technologies for heat and electricity provision. Recovery and re-use of wasted thermal energy in such systems has potential to increase their energy efficiency. The wasted thermal energy can be used directly, converted to electricity, used to provide chilling or upgraded to a higher temperature. This chapter aims to provide a holistic conceptual framework based on graphical techniques for improving the energy performance of waste-to-energy production systems through Process Integration.
  • Journal article
    Hattermann FF, Wortmann M, Liersch S, Toumi R, Sparks N, Genillard C, Schroter K, Steinhausen M, Gyalai-Korpos M, Mate K, Hayes B, Lopez MDRR, Racz T, Nielsen MR, Kaspersen PS, Drews Met al., 2018,

    Simulation of flood hazard and risk in the Danube basin with the Future Danube Model

    , Climate Services, Vol: 12, Pages: 14-26, ISSN: 2405-8807

    Major river and flash flood events have accumulated in Central and Eastern Europe over the last decade reminding the public as well as the insurance sector that climate related risks are likely to become even more damaging and prevalent as climate patterns change. However, information about current and future hydro-climatic extremes is often not available. The Future Danube Model (FDM) is an end-user driven multi-hazard and risk model suite for the Danube region that has been developed to provide climate services related to perils such as heavy precipitation, heat waves, floods, and droughts under recent and scenario conditions. As a result, it provides spatially consistent information on extreme events and natural resources throughout the entire Danube catchment. It can be used to quantify climate risks, to support the implementation of the EU framework directives, for climate informed urban and land use planning, water resources management, and for climate proofing of large scale infrastructural planning including cost benefit analysis. The model suite consists of five individual and exchangeable modules: a weather and climate module, a hydrological module, a risk module, an adaptation module, and a web-based visualization module. They are linked in such a way that output from one module can either be used standalone or fed into subsequent modules. The utility of the tool has been tested by experts and stakeholders. The results show that more and more intense hydrological extremes are likely to occur under climate scenario conditions, e.g. higher order floods may occur more frequently.
  • Journal article
    Stoerzinger KA, Wang XR, Hwang J, Rao RR, Hong WT, Rouleau CM, Lee D, Yu Y, Crumlin EJ, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2018,

    Speciation and Electronic Structure of La<sub>1-x</sub>Sr<sub>x</sub>CoO<sub>3-δ</sub> During Oxygen Electrolysis

    , TOPICS IN CATALYSIS, Vol: 61, Pages: 2161-2174, ISSN: 1022-5528
  • Conference paper
    Lefauve A, Partridge J, Zhou Q, Dalziel S, Caulfield C-C, Linden Pet al., 2018,

    Video: Finding Nessie: The structure and origin of confined Holmboe waves

    , 71th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, Publisher: American Physical Society
  • Journal article
    Parks RM, Bennett J, Foreman K, Toumi R, Ezzati Met al., 2018,

    National and regional seasonal dynamics of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the USA from 1980 to 2016

    , eLife, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2050-084X

    In temperate climates, winter deaths exceed summer ones. However, there is limited information on the timing and the relative magnitudes of maximum and minimum mortality, by local climate, age group, sex and medical cause of death. We used geo-coded mortality data and wavelets to analyse the seasonality of mortality by age group and sex from 1980 to 2016 in the USA and its subnational climatic regions. Death rates in men and women ≥ 45 years peaked in December to February and were lowest in June to August, driven by cardiorespiratory diseases and injuries. In these ages, percent difference in death rates between peak and minimum months did not vary across climate regions, nor changed from 1980 to 2016. Under five years, seasonality of all-cause mortality largely disappeared after the 1990s. In adolescents and young adults, especially in males, death rates peaked in June/July and were lowest in December/January, driven by injury deaths.
  • Journal article
    Bull R, Romanowicz J, Jennings N, Laskari M, Stuart G, Everitt Det al., 2018,

    Competing priorities: lessons in engaging students to achieve energy savings in universities

    , International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol: 19, ISSN: 1467-6370

    PurposeThis paper aims to present findings from an EU-funded international student-led energy saving competition (SAVES) on a scale previously unseen. There are multiple accounts of short-term projects and energy saving competitions encouraging pro-environmental behaviour change amongst students in university dormitories, but the purpose of this research is to provide evidence of consistent and sustained energy savings from student-led energy savings competitions, underpinned by practical action.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods approach (pre- and post-intervention surveys, focus groups and analysis of energy meter data) was used to determine the level of energy savings and quantifiable behaviour change delivered by students across participating university dormitories.FindingsThis research has provided further insight into the potential for savings and behaviour change in university dormitories through relatively simple actions. Whilst other interventions have shown greater savings, this project provided consistent savings over two years of 7 per cent across a large number of university dormitories in five countries through simple behaviour changes.Research limitations/implicationsAn energy dashboard displaying near a real-time leaderboard was added to the engagement in the second year of the project. Whilst students were optimistic about the role that energy dashboards could play, the evidence is not here to quantify the impact of dashboards. Further research is required to understand the potential of dashboards to contribute to behavioural change savings and in constructing competitions between people and dormitories that are known to each other.Social implicationsSAVES provided engagement with students, enabling, empowering and motivating them to save energy – focusing specifically on the last stage of the “Awareness, Interest, Desire, Action” framework. Automated meter reading data was used in the majority of participating dormitories
  • Journal article
    Oluleye OO, Allison J, Hawker G, Kelly N, Hawkes Aet al., 2018,

    A two-step optimization model for quantifying the flexibility potential of power-to-heat systems in dwellings

    , Applied Energy, Vol: 228, Pages: 215-228, ISSN: 0306-2619

    Coupling the electricity and heat sectors is receiving interest as a potential source of flexibility to help absorb surplus renewable electricity. The flexibility afforded by power-to-heat systems in dwellings has yet to be quantified in terms of time, energy and costs, and especially in cases where homeowners are heterogeneous prosumers. Flexibility quantification whilst accounting for prosumer heterogeneity is non-trivial. Therefore in this work a novel two-step optimization framework is proposed to quantify the potential of prosumers to absorb surplus renewable electricity through the integration of air source heat pumps and thermal energy storage. The first step is formulated as a multi-period mixed integer linear programming problem to determine the optimal energy system, and the quantity of surplus electricity absorbed. The second step is formulated as a linear programming problem to determine the price a prosumer will accept for absorbing surplus electricity, and thus the number of active prosumers in the market.A case study of 445 prosumers is presented to illustrate the approach. Results show that the number of active prosumers is affected by the quantity of absorbed electricity, frequency of requests, the price offered by aggregators and how prosumers determine the acceptable value of flexibility provided. This study is a step towards reducing the need for renewable curtailment and increasing pricing transparency in relation to demand-side response.
  • Journal article
    Li YI, Toumi R, 2018,

    Improved tropical cyclone intensity forecasts by assimilating coastal surface currents in an idealized study

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 45, Pages: 10019-10026, ISSN: 0094-8276

    High‐frequency (HF) radars can provide high‐resolution and frequent ocean surface currents observations during tropical cyclone (TC) landfall. We describe the first assimilation of such potential observations using idealized twin experiments with and without these observations. The data assimilation system consists of the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter and a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. In this system, synthetic HF radar‐observed coastal currents are assimilated, and the 24‐, 48‐ and 72‐hr forecast performances are examined for TCs with various intensities, sizes, and translation speeds. Assimilating coastal surface currents improves the intensity forecast. The errors of the maximum wind speed reduce by 2.7 (33%) and 1.9 m/s (60%) in the 72‐hr forecast and 2.8 (40%) and 1.4 m/s (62%) in the 48‐hr forecast, for Category 4 and 2 cyclones, respectively. These improvements are similar to the current operational TC forecast errors, so that assimilating HF radar observations could be a substantial benefit.
  • Journal article
    Hwang J, Rao RR, Katayama Y, Lee D, Wang XR, Crumlin E, Venkatesan T, Lee HN, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2018,

    CO<sub>2</sub> Reactivity on Cobalt-Based Perovskites

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 122, Pages: 20391-20401, ISSN: 1932-7447
  • Conference paper
    Huang B, Katayama Y, Rao R, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2018,

    Non-covalent interactions at electrified interfaces in energy conversion and storage reactions

    , 256th National Meeting and Exposition of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) - Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Beyond, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
  • Journal article
    Lefauve A, Partridge JL, Zhou Q, Dalziel SB, Caulfield CP, Linden PFet al., 2018,

    The structure and origin of confined Holmboe waves

    , Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol: 848, Pages: 508-544, ISSN: 0022-1120

    <jats:p>Finite-amplitude manifestations of stratified shear flow instabilities and their spatio-temporal coherent structures are believed to play an important role in turbulent geophysical flows. Such shear flows commonly have layers separated by sharp density interfaces, and are therefore susceptible to the so-called Holmboe instability, and its finite-amplitude manifestation, the Holmboe wave. In this paper, we describe and elucidate the origin of an apparently previously unreported long-lived coherent structure in a sustained stratified shear flow generated in the laboratory by exchange flow through an inclined square duct connecting two reservoirs filled with fluids of different densities. Using a novel measurement technique allowing for time-resolved, near-instantaneous measurements of the three-component velocity and density fields simultaneously over a three-dimensional volume, we describe the three-dimensional geometry and spatio-temporal dynamics of this structure. We identify it as a finite-amplitude, nonlinear, asymmetric confined Holmboe wave (CHW), and highlight the importance of its spanwise (lateral) confinement by the duct boundaries. We pay particular attention to the spanwise vorticity, which exhibits a travelling, near-periodic structure of sheared, distorted, prolate spheroids with a wide ‘body’ and a narrower ‘head’. Using temporal linear stability analysis on the two-dimensional streamwise-averaged experimental flow, we solve for three-dimensional perturbations having two-dimensional, cross-sectionally confined eigenfunctions and a streamwise normal mode. We show that the dispersion relation and the three-dimensional spatial structure of the fastest-growing confined Holmboe instability are in good agreement with those of the observed confined Holmboe wave. We also compare those results with a classical linear analysis of two-dimensional perturbations (i.e. with no spanwise dependence) on a one-dimensional base flow
  • Journal article
    Rao RR, Kolb MJ, Hwang J, Pedersen AF, Mehta A, You H, Stoerzinger KA, Feng Z, Zhou H, Bluhm H, Giordano L, Stephens IEL, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2018,

    Surface Orientation Dependent Water Dissociation on Rutile Ruthenium Dioxide

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 122, Pages: 17802-17811, ISSN: 1932-7447
  • Journal article
    Wang S, Toumi R, 2018,

    Reduced sensitivity of tropical cyclone intensity and size to sea surface temperature in a radiative-convective equilibrium environment

    , Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol: 35, Pages: 981-993, ISSN: 1861-9533

    It has been challenging to project the tropical cyclone (TC) intensity, structure and destructive potential changes in a warming climate. Here, we compare the sensitivities of TC intensity, size and destructive potential to sea surface warming with and without a pre-storm atmospheric adjustment to an idealized state of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE). Without RCE, we find large responses of TC intensity, size and destructive potential to sea surface temperature (SST) changes, which is in line with some previous studies. However, in an environment under RCE, the TC size is almost insensitive to SST changes, and the sensitivity of intensity is also much reduced to 3% °C−1–4% °C−1. Without the pre-storm RCE adjustment, the mean destructive potential measured by the integrated power dissipation increases by about 25% °C−1 during the mature stage. However, in an environment under RCE, the sensitivity of destructive potential to sea surface warming does not change significantly. Further analyses show that the reduced response of TC intensity and size to sea surface warming under RCE can be explained by the reduced thermodynamic disequilibrium between the air boundary layer and the sea surface due to the RCE adjustment. When conducting regional-scale sea surface warming experiments for TC case studies, without any RCE adjustment the TC response is likely to be unrealistically exaggerated. The TC intensity–temperature sensitivity under RCE is very similar to those found in coupled climate model simulations. This suggests global mean intensity projections under climate change can be understood in terms of a thermodynamic response to temperature with only a minor contribution from any changes in large-scale dynamics.
  • Journal article
    Roy C, Rao RR, Stoerzinger KA, Hwang J, Rossmeisl J, Chorkendorff I, Shao-Horn Y, Stephens IELet al., 2018,

    Trends in activity and dissolution on RuO2 under oxygen evolution conditions: particles versus well-defined extended surfaces

    , ACS Energy Letters, Vol: 3, Pages: 2045-2051, ISSN: 2380-8195

    Rutile RuO2 catalysts are the most active pure metal oxides for oxygen evolution; however, they are also unstable toward dissolution. Herein, we study the catalytic activity and stability of oriented thin films of RuO2 with (111), (101), and (001) orientations, in comparison to a (110) single crystal and commercial nanoparticles. These surfaces were all tested in aqueous solutions of 0.05 M H2SO4. The initial catalyst activity ranked as follows: (001) > (101) > (111) ≈ (110). We complemented our activity data with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, to measure Ru dissolution products occurring in parallel to oxygen evolution. In contrast to earlier reports, we find that, under our experimental conditions, there is no correlation between the activity and stability.
  • Journal article
    Liu F, Fortin C, Campbell PGC, 2018,

    Chemical Conditions in the Boundary Layer Surrounding Phytoplankton Cells Modify Cadmium Bioavailability

    , ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 52, Pages: 7988-7995, ISSN: 0013-936X
  • Journal article
    Katayama Y, Giordano L, Rao RR, Hwang J, Muroyama H, Matsui T, Eguchi K, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2018,

    Surface (Electro)chemistry of CO<sub>2</sub> on Pt Surface: An <i>in Situ</i> Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Study

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 122, Pages: 12341-12349, ISSN: 1932-7447
  • Conference paper
    Schumacher J, Waite C, 2018,

    In vivo absolute and relative Nif protein abundances of Klebsiella oxytoca

    , 13th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference
  • Journal article
    Allison J, Bell K, Clarke J, Cowie A, Elsayed A, Flett G, Oluleye G, Hawkes A, Hawker G, Kelly N, de Castro MMM, Sharpe T, Shea A, Strachan P, Tuohy Pet al., 2018,

    Assessing domestic heat storage requirements for energy flexibility over varying timescales

    , Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol: 136, Pages: 602-616, ISSN: 1359-4311

    © 2018 The Authors This paper explores the feasibility of storing heat in an encapsulated store to support thermal load shifting over three timescales: diurnal, weekly and seasonal. A building simulation tool was used to calculate the space heating and hot water demands for four common UK housing types and a range of operating conditions. A custom sizing methodology calculated the capacities of storage required to fully meet the heat demands over the three timescales. Corresponding storage volumes were calculated for a range of heat storage materials deemed suitable for storing heat within a dwelling, either in a tank or as an integral part of the building fabric: hot water, concrete, high-temperature magnetite blocks, and a phase change material. The results indicate that with low temperature heat storage, domestic load shifting is feasible over a few days. Beyond this timescale, the very large storage volumes required make integration in dwellings problematic. Supporting load shifting over 1–2 weeks is feasible with high temperature storage. Retention of heat over periods longer than this is challenging, even with significant levels of insulation. Seasonal storage of heat in an encapsulated store appeared impractical in all cases modelled due to the volume of material required.
  • Journal article
    Riesen M, Konstantinoudis G, Lang P, Low N, Hatz C, Maeusezahl M, Spaar A, Buhlmann M, Spycher BD, Althaus CLet al., 2018,

    Exploring variation in human papillomavirus vaccination uptake in Switzerland: a multilevel spatial analysis of a national vaccination coverage survey

    , BMJ Open, Vol: 8, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 2044-6055

    Objective Understanding the factors that influence human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake is critically important to the design of effective vaccination programmes. In Switzerland, HPV vaccination uptake (≥1 dose) by age 16 years among women ranges from 31% to 80% across 26 cantons (states). Our objective was to identify factors that are associated with the spatial variation in HPV vaccination uptake.Methods We used cross-sectional data from the Swiss National Vaccination Coverage Survey 2009–2016 on HPV vaccination status (≥1 dose) of 14–17-year-old girls, their municipality of residence and their nationality for 21 of 26 cantons (n=8965). We examined covariates at municipality level: language, degree of urbanisation, socioeconomic position, religious denomination, results of a vote about vaccination laws as a proxy for vaccine scepticism and, at cantonal level, availability of school-based vaccination and survey period. We used a series of conditional autoregressive models to assess the effects of covariates while accounting for variability between cantons and municipal-level spatial autocorrelation.Results In the best-fit model, living in cantons that have school-based vaccination (adjusted OR 2.51; 95% credible interval 1.77 to 3.56) was associated with increased uptake, while living in municipalities with lower acceptance of vaccination laws was associated with lower HPV vaccination uptake (OR 0.61; 95% credible interval 0.50 to 0.73). Overall, the covariates explained 88% of the municipal-level variation in uptake.Conclusions In Switzerland, both cantons and community opinion about vaccination play a prominent role in the variation in HPV vaccination uptake. To increase uptake, efforts should be made to mitigate vaccination scepticism and to encourage school-based vaccination.
  • Journal article
    Sanchez-Marin P, Liu F, Chen Z, Fortin C, Campbell PGCet al., 2018,

    Microalgal-driven pH changes in the boundary layer lead to apparent increases in Pb internalization by a unicellular alga in the presence of citrate

    , LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, Vol: 63, Pages: 1328-1339, ISSN: 0024-3590
  • Journal article
    Oluleye G, Hawkes AD, Allison J, Kelly N, Clarke Jet al., 2018,

    An optimisation study on integrating and incentivising Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in a dwelling energy system

    , Energies, Vol: 11, ISSN: 1996-1073

    In spite of the benefits from thermal energy storage (TES) integration in dwellings, the penetration rate in Europe is 5%. Effective fiscal policies are necessary to accelerate deployment. However, there is currently no direct support for TES in buildings compared to support for electricity storage. This could be due to lack of evidence to support incentivisation. In this study, a novel systematic framework is developed to provide a case in support of TES incentivisation. The model determines the costs, CO2 emissions, dispatch strategy and sizes of technologies, and TES for a domestic user under policy neutral and policy intensive scenarios. The model is applied to different building types in the UK. The model is applied to a case study for a detached dwelling in the UK (floor area of 122 m2), where heat demand is satisfied by a boiler and electricity imported from the grid. Results show that under a policy neutral scenario, integrating a micro-Combined Heat and Power (CHP) reduces the primary energy demand by 11%, CO2 emissions by 21%, but with a 16 year payback. Additional benefits from TES integration can pay for the investment within the first 9 years, reducing to 3.5–6 years when the CO2 levy is accounted for. Under a policy intensive scenario (for example considering the Feed in Tariff (FIT)), primary energy demand and CO2 emissions reduce by 17 and 33% respectively with a 5 year payback. In this case, the additional benefits for TES integration can pay for the investment in TES within the first 2 years. The framework developed is a useful tool is determining the role TES in decarbonising domestic energy systems.
  • Journal article
    Bruneau N, Toumi R, Wang S, 2018,

    Publisher correction: Impact of wave whitecapping on land falling tropical cyclones

    , Scientific Reports, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2045-2322
  • Journal article
    Wang S, Toumi R, 2018,

    A historical analysis of the mature stage of tropical cyclones

    , International Journal of Climatology, Vol: 38, Pages: 2490-2505, ISSN: 0899-8418

    The characteristics of tropical cyclone intensity and size during the mature stage are presented. Rooted in the classic description by Herbert Riehl, the mature stage is identified as the period from the time of lifetime maximum intensity to the time of lifetime maximum size. This study is the first to analyse the global climatology of the mature stage of tropical cyclones in detail. Three basic features at the mature stage are observed: the reduction of intensity, the outward expansion of the eyewall, and the increase of tangential wind in the outer primary circulation. Globally, about a quarter of tropical cyclones undergo the mature stage. High intensity at the end of the immature stage favours the likelihood of the occurrence of the mature stage. The intensity reduction during the mature stage is considerable with nearly three-quarters of cyclones decreasing by more than 10%, which makes the conventional ‘steady-state’ presumption questionable. The increase in the radius of damaging-force wind is typically about 50 km, while the decrease in maximum wind speed is typically 20% at the mature stage. However, the average integrated kinetic energy and hence destructive potential increases substantially by about 70%. This is consistent with our finding that most of the highly damaging landfalling hurricanes undergo a mature stage. Intensity downgrades during the mature stage may be misinterpreted as they are mostly not accompanied by an overall danger reduction.
  • Journal article
    Gang S, Sarah M, Waite C, Buck M, Schumacher Jet al., 2018,

    Mutualism between Klebsiella SGM 81 and Dianthus caryophyllus in modulating root plasticity and rhizospheric bacterial density

    , Plant and Soil, Vol: 424, Pages: 273-288, ISSN: 0032-079X

    AimsDianthus caryophyllus is a commercially important ornamental flower. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are increasingly applied as bio-fertilisers and bio-fortifiers. We studied the effect of a rhizospheric isolate Klebsiella SGM 81 strain to promote D. caryophyllus growth under sterile and non-sterile conditions, to colonise its root system endophytically and its impact on the cultivatable microbial community. We identified the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production of Klebsiella SGM 81 as major bacterial trait most likely to enhance growth of D. caryophyllus.MethodsipdC dependent IAA production of SGM 81 was quantified using LC-MS/MS and localised proximal to D. caryophyllus roots and correlated to root growth promotion and characteristic morphological changes. SGM 81 cells were localised on and within the plant root using 3D rendering confocal microscopy of gfp expressing SGM 81. Using Salkowski reagent IAA production was quantified and localised proximal to roots in situ. The effect of different bacterial titres on rhizosphere bacterial population was CFU enumerated on nutrient agar. The genome sequence of Klebsiella SGM 81 (accession number PRJEB21197) was determined to validate PGP traits and phylogenic relationships.ResultsInoculation of D. caryophyllus roots with Klebsiella SGM 81 drastically promoted plant growth when grown in agar and soil, concomitant with a burst in root hair formation, suggesting an increase in root auxin activity. We sequenced the Klebsiella SGM 81 genome, identified the presence of a canonical ipdC gene in Klebsiella SGM 81, confirmed bacterial production and secretion of IAA in batch culture using LC-MS/MS and localised plant dependent IAA production by SGM 81 proximal to roots. We found Klebsiella SGM 81 to be a rhizoplane and endophytic coloniser of D. caryophyllus roots in a dose dependent manner. We found no adverse effects of SGM 81 on the overall rhizospheric microbial population unless supplied to soil in very high
  • Journal article
    Kuznetsov DA, Han B, Yu Y, Rao RR, Hwang J, Roman-Leshkov Y, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2018,

    Tuning Redox Transitions via Inductive Effect in Metal Oxides and Complexes, and Implications in Oxygen Electrocatalysis

    , JOULE, Vol: 2, Pages: 225-244, ISSN: 2542-4351

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